build-sys: prepare v205
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Lennart Poettering
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NEWS
139
NEWS
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systemd System and Service Manager
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CHANGES WITH 205:
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* Two new unit types have been introduced:
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Scope units are very similar to service units, however, are
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created out of pre-existing processes -- instead of PID 1
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forking off the processes. By using scope units it is
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possible for system services and applications to group their
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own child processes (worker processes) in a powerful way
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which then maybe used to organize them, or kill them
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together, or apply resource limits on them.
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Slice units may be used to partition system resources in an
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hierarchial fashion and then assign other units to them. By
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default there are now three slices: system.slice (for all
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system services), user.slice (for all user sessions),
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machine.slice (for VMs and containers).
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Slices and scopes have been introduced primarily in
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context of the work to move cgroup handling to a
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single-writer scheme, where only PID 1
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creates/removes/manages cgroups.
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* There's a new concept of "transient" units. In contrast to
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normal units these units are created via an API at runtime,
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not from configuration from disk. More specifically this
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means it is now possible to run arbitrary programs as
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independent services, with all execution parameters passed
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in via bus APIs rather than read from disk. Transient units
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make systemd substantially more dynamic then it ever was,
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and useful as a general batch manager.
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* logind has been updated to make use of scope and slice units
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for managing user sessions. As a user logs in he will get
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his own private slice unit, to which all sessions are added
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as scope units. We also added support for automatically
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adding an instance of user@.service for the user into the
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slice. Effectively logind will no longer create cgroup
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hierarchies on its own now, it will defer entirely to PID 1
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for this by means of scope, service and slice units. Since
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user sessions this way become entities managed by PID 1
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the output of "systemctl" is now a lot more comprehensive.
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* A new mini-daemon "systemd-machined" has been added which
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may be used by virtualization managers to register local
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VMs/containers. nspawn has been updated accordingly, and
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libvirt will be updated shortly. machined will collect a bit
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of meta information about the VMs/containers, and assign
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them their own scope unit (see above). The collected
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meta-data is then made available via the "machinectl" tool,
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and exposed in "ps" and similar tools. machined/machinectl
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is compile-time optional.
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* As discussed earlier, the low-level cgroup configuration
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options ControlGroup=, ControlGroupModify=,
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ControlGroupPersistent=, ControlGroupAttribute= have been
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removed. Please use high-level attribute settings instead as
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well as slice units.
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* A new bus call SetUnitProperties() has been added to alter
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various runtime parameters of a unit. This is primarily
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useful to alter cgroup parameters dynamically in a nice way,
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but will be extended later on to make more properties
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modifiable at runtime. systemctl gained a new set-properties
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command that wraps this call.
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* A new tool "systemd-run" has been added which can be used to
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run arbitrary command lines as transient services or scopes,
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while configuring a number of settings via the command
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line. This tool is currently very basic, however already
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very useful. We plan to extend this tool to even allow
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queuing of execution jobs with time triggers from the
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command line, similar in fashion to "at".
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* nspawn will now inform the user explicitly that kernels with
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audit enabled break containers, and suggest the user to turn
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off audit.
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* Support for detecting the IMA and AppArmor security
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frameworks with ConditionSecurity= has been added.
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* journalctl gained a new "-k" switch for showing only kernel
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messages.
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* systemd-delta can now show information about drop-in
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snippets extending unit files.
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* libsystemd-bus has been substantially updated but is still
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not available as public API.
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* systemd will now look for the "debug" argument on the kernel
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command line and enable debug logging, similar to
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"systemd.log_level=debug" already did before.
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* "systemctl set-default", "systemctl get-default" has been
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added to configure the default.target symlink, which
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controls what to boot into by default.
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* "systemd-analyze plot" will now show the time the various
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generators needed for execution, as well as information
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about the unit file loading.
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* journalctl gained new "--user" and "--system" switches to
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only show user/system logs.
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* libsystemd-journal gained a new sd_journal_open_files() call
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for opening specific journal files. journactl also gained a
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new switch to expose this new functionality. Previously we
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only supported opening all files from a directory, or all
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files from the system, as opening individual files only is
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racy due to journal file rotation.
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* systemd gained the new DefaultEnvironment= setting in
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/etc/systemd/system.conf to set environment variables for
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all services.
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* If a privileged process logs a journal message with the
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OBJECT_PID= field set, then journald will automatically
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augment this with additional OBJECT_UID=, OBJECT_GID=,
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OBJECT_COMM=, OBJECT_EXE=, ... fields. This is useful if
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system services want to log events about specific client
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processes. journactl/systemctl has been updated to make use
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of this information if all log messages regarding a specific
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unit is requested.
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Contributions from: Auke Kok, Chengwei Yang, Colin Walters,
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Cristian Rodríguez, Daniel Albers, Daniel Wallace, Dave
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Reisner, David Coppa, David King, David Strauss, Eelco
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Dolstra, Gabriel de Perthuis, Harald Hoyer, Jan Alexander
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Steffens, Jan Engelhardt, Jan Janssen, Jason St. John, Johan
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Heikkilä, Karel Zak, Karol Lewandowski, Kay Sievers, Lennart
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Poettering, Lukas Nykryn, Mantas Mikulėnas, Marius Vollmer,
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Martin Pitt, Michael Biebl, Michael Olbrich, Michael Tremer,
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Michal Schmidt, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, Nirbheek Chauhan,
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Pierre Neidhardt, Ross Burton, Ross Lagerwall, Sean McGovern,
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Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Tom Gundersen, Umut Tezduyar,
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Václav Pavlín, Zachary Cook, Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek,
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Łukasz Stelmach, 장동준
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CHANGES WITH 204:
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* The Python bindings gained some minimal support for the APIs
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@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
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AC_PREREQ([2.64])
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AC_INIT([systemd],
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[204],
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[205],
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[http://bugs.freedesktop.org/enter_bug.cgi?product=systemd],
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[systemd],
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[http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd])
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