diff --git a/src/basic/btrfs-util.c b/src/basic/btrfs-util.c
index 5f9e21dcba..5505499312 100644
--- a/src/basic/btrfs-util.c
+++ b/src/basic/btrfs-util.c
@@ -1737,7 +1737,7 @@ int btrfs_subvol_snapshot_fd(int old_fd, const char *new_path, BtrfsSnapshotFlag
                 } else if (r < 0)
                         return r;
 
-                r = copy_directory_fd(old_fd, new_path, true);
+                r = copy_directory_fd(old_fd, new_path, COPY_MERGE|COPY_REFLINK);
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fallback_fail;
 
diff --git a/src/basic/copy.c b/src/basic/copy.c
index e9a7efd232..f0a975d461 100644
--- a/src/basic/copy.c
+++ b/src/basic/copy.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ static ssize_t try_copy_file_range(int fd_in, loff_t *off_in,
                 return -errno;
 }
 
-int copy_bytes(int fdf, int fdt, uint64_t max_bytes, bool try_reflink) {
+int copy_bytes(int fdf, int fdt, uint64_t max_bytes, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         bool try_cfr = true, try_sendfile = true, try_splice = true;
         int r;
         size_t m = SSIZE_MAX; /* that is the maximum that sendfile and c_f_r accept */
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ int copy_bytes(int fdf, int fdt, uint64_t max_bytes, bool try_reflink) {
         assert(fdt >= 0);
 
         /* Try btrfs reflinks first. */
-        if (try_reflink &&
+        if ((copy_flags & COPY_REFLINK) &&
             max_bytes == (uint64_t) -1 &&
             lseek(fdf, 0, SEEK_CUR) == 0 &&
             lseek(fdt, 0, SEEK_CUR) == 0) {
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ static int fd_copy_symlink(int df, const char *from, const struct stat *st, int
         return 0;
 }
 
-static int fd_copy_regular(int df, const char *from, const struct stat *st, int dt, const char *to) {
+static int fd_copy_regular(int df, const char *from, const struct stat *st, int dt, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         _cleanup_close_ int fdf = -1, fdt = -1;
         struct timespec ts[2];
         int r, q;
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ static int fd_copy_regular(int df, const char *from, const struct stat *st, int
         if (fdt < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        r = copy_bytes(fdf, fdt, (uint64_t) -1, true);
+        r = copy_bytes(fdf, fdt, (uint64_t) -1, copy_flags);
         if (r < 0) {
                 unlinkat(dt, to, 0);
                 return r;
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ static int fd_copy_directory(
                 int dt,
                 const char *to,
                 dev_t original_device,
-                bool merge) {
+                CopyFlags copy_flags) {
 
         _cleanup_close_ int fdf = -1, fdt = -1;
         _cleanup_closedir_ DIR *d = NULL;
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ static int fd_copy_directory(
         r = mkdirat(dt, to, st->st_mode & 07777);
         if (r >= 0)
                 created = true;
-        else if (errno == EEXIST && merge)
+        else if (errno == EEXIST && (copy_flags & COPY_MERGE))
                 created = false;
         else
                 return -errno;
@@ -343,9 +343,9 @@ static int fd_copy_directory(
                         continue;
 
                 if (S_ISREG(buf.st_mode))
-                        q = fd_copy_regular(dirfd(d), de->d_name, &buf, fdt, de->d_name);
+                        q = fd_copy_regular(dirfd(d), de->d_name, &buf, fdt, de->d_name, copy_flags);
                 else if (S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode))
-                        q = fd_copy_directory(dirfd(d), de->d_name, &buf, fdt, de->d_name, original_device, merge);
+                        q = fd_copy_directory(dirfd(d), de->d_name, &buf, fdt, de->d_name, original_device, copy_flags);
                 else if (S_ISLNK(buf.st_mode))
                         q = fd_copy_symlink(dirfd(d), de->d_name, &buf, fdt, de->d_name);
                 else if (S_ISFIFO(buf.st_mode))
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ static int fd_copy_directory(
                 else
                         q = -EOPNOTSUPP;
 
-                if (q == -EEXIST && merge)
+                if (q == -EEXIST && (copy_flags & COPY_MERGE))
                         q = 0;
 
                 if (q < 0)
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ static int fd_copy_directory(
         return r;
 }
 
-int copy_tree_at(int fdf, const char *from, int fdt, const char *to, bool merge) {
+int copy_tree_at(int fdf, const char *from, int fdt, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         struct stat st;
 
         assert(from);
@@ -391,9 +391,9 @@ int copy_tree_at(int fdf, const char *from, int fdt, const char *to, bool merge)
                 return -errno;
 
         if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-                return fd_copy_regular(fdf, from, &st, fdt, to);
+                return fd_copy_regular(fdf, from, &st, fdt, to, copy_flags);
         else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
-                return fd_copy_directory(fdf, from, &st, fdt, to, st.st_dev, merge);
+                return fd_copy_directory(fdf, from, &st, fdt, to, st.st_dev, copy_flags);
         else if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
                 return fd_copy_symlink(fdf, from, &st, fdt, to);
         else if (S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode))
@@ -404,11 +404,11 @@ int copy_tree_at(int fdf, const char *from, int fdt, const char *to, bool merge)
                 return -EOPNOTSUPP;
 }
 
-int copy_tree(const char *from, const char *to, bool merge) {
-        return copy_tree_at(AT_FDCWD, from, AT_FDCWD, to, merge);
+int copy_tree(const char *from, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
+        return copy_tree_at(AT_FDCWD, from, AT_FDCWD, to, copy_flags);
 }
 
-int copy_directory_fd(int dirfd, const char *to, bool merge) {
+int copy_directory_fd(int dirfd, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         struct stat st;
 
         assert(dirfd >= 0);
@@ -420,10 +420,10 @@ int copy_directory_fd(int dirfd, const char *to, bool merge) {
         if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
                 return -ENOTDIR;
 
-        return fd_copy_directory(dirfd, NULL, &st, AT_FDCWD, to, st.st_dev, merge);
+        return fd_copy_directory(dirfd, NULL, &st, AT_FDCWD, to, st.st_dev, copy_flags);
 }
 
-int copy_directory(const char *from, const char *to, bool merge) {
+int copy_directory(const char *from, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         struct stat st;
 
         assert(from);
@@ -435,10 +435,10 @@ int copy_directory(const char *from, const char *to, bool merge) {
         if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
                 return -ENOTDIR;
 
-        return fd_copy_directory(AT_FDCWD, from, &st, AT_FDCWD, to, st.st_dev, merge);
+        return fd_copy_directory(AT_FDCWD, from, &st, AT_FDCWD, to, st.st_dev, copy_flags);
 }
 
-int copy_file_fd(const char *from, int fdt, bool try_reflink) {
+int copy_file_fd(const char *from, int fdt, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         _cleanup_close_ int fdf = -1;
         int r;
 
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ int copy_file_fd(const char *from, int fdt, bool try_reflink) {
         if (fdf < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        r = copy_bytes(fdf, fdt, (uint64_t) -1, try_reflink);
+        r = copy_bytes(fdf, fdt, (uint64_t) -1, copy_flags);
 
         (void) copy_times(fdf, fdt);
         (void) copy_xattr(fdf, fdt);
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ int copy_file_fd(const char *from, int fdt, bool try_reflink) {
         return r;
 }
 
-int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to, int flags, mode_t mode, unsigned chattr_flags) {
+int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to, int flags, mode_t mode, unsigned chattr_flags, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         int fdt = -1, r;
 
         assert(from);
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to, int flags, mode_t mode, unsigned
         if (chattr_flags != 0)
                 (void) chattr_fd(fdt, chattr_flags, (unsigned) -1);
 
-        r = copy_file_fd(from, fdt, true);
+        r = copy_file_fd(from, fdt, copy_flags);
         if (r < 0) {
                 close(fdt);
                 unlink(to);
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@ int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to, int flags, mode_t mode, unsigned
         return 0;
 }
 
-int copy_file_atomic(const char *from, const char *to, mode_t mode, bool replace, unsigned chattr_flags) {
+int copy_file_atomic(const char *from, const char *to, mode_t mode, unsigned chattr_flags, CopyFlags copy_flags) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *t = NULL;
         int r;
 
@@ -498,11 +498,11 @@ int copy_file_atomic(const char *from, const char *to, mode_t mode, bool replace
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = copy_file(from, t, O_NOFOLLOW|O_EXCL, mode, chattr_flags);
+        r = copy_file(from, t, O_NOFOLLOW|O_EXCL, mode, chattr_flags, copy_flags);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        if (replace) {
+        if (copy_flags & COPY_REPLACE) {
                 r = renameat(AT_FDCWD, t, AT_FDCWD, to);
                 if (r < 0)
                         r = -errno;
diff --git a/src/basic/copy.h b/src/basic/copy.h
index b5d08ebafe..c2f02c455e 100644
--- a/src/basic/copy.h
+++ b/src/basic/copy.h
@@ -24,13 +24,19 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
-int copy_file_fd(const char *from, int to, bool try_reflink);
-int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to, int flags, mode_t mode, unsigned chattr_flags);
-int copy_file_atomic(const char *from, const char *to, mode_t mode, bool replace, unsigned chattr_flags);
-int copy_tree(const char *from, const char *to, bool merge);
-int copy_tree_at(int fdf, const char *from, int fdt, const char *to, bool merge);
-int copy_directory_fd(int dirfd, const char *to, bool merge);
-int copy_directory(const char *from, const char *to, bool merge);
-int copy_bytes(int fdf, int fdt, uint64_t max_bytes, bool try_reflink);
+typedef enum CopyFlags {
+        COPY_REFLINK    = 0x1,      /* try to reflink */
+        COPY_MERGE      = 0x2,      /* merge existing trees with our new one to copy */
+        COPY_REPLACE    = 0x4,      /* replace an existing file if there's one */
+} CopyFlags;
+
+int copy_file_fd(const char *from, int to, CopyFlags copy_flags);
+int copy_file(const char *from, const char *to, int open_flags, mode_t mode, unsigned chattr_flags, CopyFlags copy_flags);
+int copy_file_atomic(const char *from, const char *to, mode_t mode, unsigned chattr_flags, CopyFlags copy_flags);
+int copy_tree(const char *from, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags);
+int copy_tree_at(int fdf, const char *from, int fdt, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags);
+int copy_directory_fd(int dirfd, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags);
+int copy_directory(const char *from, const char *to, CopyFlags copy_flags);
+int copy_bytes(int fdf, int fdt, uint64_t max_bytes, CopyFlags copy_flags);
 int copy_times(int fdf, int fdt);
 int copy_xattr(int fdf, int fdt);
diff --git a/src/core/socket.c b/src/core/socket.c
index a7b9ada65c..84b7a1a82d 100644
--- a/src/core/socket.c
+++ b/src/core/socket.c
@@ -1340,11 +1340,11 @@ static int usbffs_write_descs(int fd, Service *s) {
         if (!s->usb_function_descriptors || !s->usb_function_strings)
                 return -EINVAL;
 
-        r = copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_descriptors, fd, false);
+        r = copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_descriptors, fd, 0);
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        return copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_strings, fd, false);
+        return copy_file_fd(s->usb_function_strings, fd, 0);
 }
 
 static int usbffs_select_ep(const struct dirent *d) {
diff --git a/src/coredump/coredump.c b/src/coredump/coredump.c
index 1bb1dbbe8d..d76d49a679 100644
--- a/src/coredump/coredump.c
+++ b/src/coredump/coredump.c
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ static int save_external_coredump(
         if (fd < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(fd, "Failed to create temporary file for coredump %s: %m", fn);
 
-        r = copy_bytes(input_fd, fd, max_size, false);
+        r = copy_bytes(input_fd, fd, max_size, 0);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Cannot store coredump of %s (%s): %m", context[CONTEXT_PID], context[CONTEXT_COMM]);
                 goto fail;
diff --git a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
index fd7051f21e..bc16290c72 100644
--- a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
+++ b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ static int process_locale(void) {
         if (arg_copy_locale && arg_root) {
 
                 mkdir_parents(etc_localeconf, 0755);
-                r = copy_file("/etc/locale.conf", etc_localeconf, 0, 0644, 0);
+                r = copy_file("/etc/locale.conf", etc_localeconf, 0, 0644, 0, COPY_REFLINK);
                 if (r != -ENOENT) {
                         if (r < 0)
                                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy %s: %m", etc_localeconf);
diff --git a/src/import/pull-raw.c b/src/import/pull-raw.c
index ef7fb6ac42..60a769e944 100644
--- a/src/import/pull-raw.c
+++ b/src/import/pull-raw.c
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ static int raw_pull_copy_auxiliary_file(
 
         local = strjoina(i->image_root, "/", i->local, suffix);
 
-        r = copy_file_atomic(*path, local, 0644, i->force_local, 0);
+        r = copy_file_atomic(*path, local, 0644, 0, COPY_REFLINK | (i->force_local ? COPY_REPLACE : 0));
         if (r == -EEXIST)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "File %s already exists, not replacing.", local);
         else if (r == -ENOENT)
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ static int raw_pull_make_local_copy(RawPull *i) {
         if (r < 0)
                 log_warning_errno(r, "Failed to set file attributes on %s: %m", tp);
 
-        r = copy_bytes(i->raw_job->disk_fd, dfd, (uint64_t) -1, true);
+        r = copy_bytes(i->raw_job->disk_fd, dfd, (uint64_t) -1, COPY_REFLINK);
         if (r < 0) {
                 unlink(tp);
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to make writable copy of image: %m");
diff --git a/src/import/pull-tar.c b/src/import/pull-tar.c
index 375ee778e2..91833d6174 100644
--- a/src/import/pull-tar.c
+++ b/src/import/pull-tar.c
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ static int tar_pull_make_local_copy(TarPull *i) {
 
                 local_settings = strjoina(i->image_root, "/", i->local, ".nspawn");
 
-                r = copy_file_atomic(i->settings_path, local_settings, 0664, i->force_local, 0);
+                r = copy_file_atomic(i->settings_path, local_settings, 0664, 0, COPY_REFLINK | (i->force_local ? COPY_REPLACE : 0));
                 if (r == -EEXIST)
                         log_warning_errno(r, "Settings file %s already exists, not replacing.", local_settings);
                 else if (r == -ENOENT)
diff --git a/src/machine/image-dbus.c b/src/machine/image-dbus.c
index d5051007fc..2f69e2c7b7 100644
--- a/src/machine/image-dbus.c
+++ b/src/machine/image-dbus.c
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ static int raw_image_get_os_release(Image *image, char ***ret, sd_bus_error *err
                 if (fd < 0)
                         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 
-                r = copy_bytes(fd, pair[1], (uint64_t) -1, false);
+                r = copy_bytes(fd, pair[1], (uint64_t) -1, 0);
                 if (r < 0)
                         _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 
diff --git a/src/machine/machine-dbus.c b/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
index 9c95c63e70..13d68553df 100644
--- a/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
+++ b/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ int bus_machine_method_get_os_release(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, s
                         if (fd < 0)
                                 _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 
-                        r = copy_bytes(fd, pair[1], (uint64_t) -1, false);
+                        r = copy_bytes(fd, pair[1], (uint64_t) -1, 0);
                         if (r < 0)
                                 _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 
@@ -1152,9 +1152,9 @@ int bus_machine_method_copy(sd_bus_message *message, void *userdata, sd_bus_erro
                 }
 
                 if (copy_from)
-                        r = copy_tree_at(containerfd, container_basename, hostfd, host_basename, true);
+                        r = copy_tree_at(containerfd, container_basename, hostfd, host_basename, COPY_REFLINK|COPY_MERGE);
                 else
-                        r = copy_tree_at(hostfd, host_basename, containerfd, container_basename, true);
+                        r = copy_tree_at(hostfd, host_basename, containerfd, container_basename, COPY_REFLINK|COPY_MERGE);
 
                 hostfd = safe_close(hostfd);
                 containerfd = safe_close(containerfd);
diff --git a/src/nspawn/nspawn.c b/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
index b172b44933..efd3b014a3 100644
--- a/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
+++ b/src/nspawn/nspawn.c
@@ -1364,7 +1364,7 @@ static int setup_resolv_conf(const char *dest) {
         }
 
         /* If that didn't work, let's copy the file */
-        r = copy_file("/etc/resolv.conf", where, O_TRUNC|O_NOFOLLOW, 0644, 0);
+        r = copy_file("/etc/resolv.conf", where, O_TRUNC|O_NOFOLLOW, 0644, 0, COPY_REFLINK);
         if (r < 0) {
                 /* If the file already exists as symlink, let's suppress the warning, under the assumption that
                  * resolved or something similar runs inside and the symlink points there.
@@ -3700,7 +3700,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                                 goto finish;
                         }
 
-                        r = copy_file(arg_image, np, O_EXCL, arg_read_only ? 0400 : 0600, FS_NOCOW_FL);
+                        r = copy_file(arg_image, np, O_EXCL, arg_read_only ? 0400 : 0600, FS_NOCOW_FL, COPY_REFLINK);
                         if (r < 0) {
                                 r = log_error_errno(r, "Failed to copy image file: %m");
                                 goto finish;
@@ -3856,7 +3856,7 @@ finish:
 
         /* Try to flush whatever is still queued in the pty */
         if (master >= 0) {
-                (void) copy_bytes(master, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, false);
+                (void) copy_bytes(master, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, 0);
                 master = safe_close(master);
         }
 
diff --git a/src/shared/machine-image.c b/src/shared/machine-image.c
index 7bc5c0a128..d96ff44e66 100644
--- a/src/shared/machine-image.c
+++ b/src/shared/machine-image.c
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@ static int clone_auxiliary_file(const char *path, const char *new_name, const ch
         if (!rs)
                 return -ENOMEM;
 
-        return copy_file_atomic(path, rs, 0664, false, 0);
+        return copy_file_atomic(path, rs, 0664, 0, COPY_REFLINK);
 }
 
 int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only) {
@@ -656,7 +656,7 @@ int image_clone(Image *i, const char *new_name, bool read_only) {
         case IMAGE_RAW:
                 new_path = strjoina("/var/lib/machines/", new_name, ".raw");
 
-                r = copy_file_atomic(i->path, new_path, read_only ? 0444 : 0644, false, FS_NOCOW_FL);
+                r = copy_file_atomic(i->path, new_path, read_only ? 0444 : 0644, FS_NOCOW_FL, COPY_REFLINK);
                 break;
 
         default:
diff --git a/src/shared/pager.c b/src/shared/pager.c
index 09672a4abf..af667a83f4 100644
--- a/src/shared/pager.c
+++ b/src/shared/pager.c
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ static pid_t pager_pid = 0;
 noreturn static void pager_fallback(void) {
         int r;
 
-        r = copy_bytes(STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, false);
+        r = copy_bytes(STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, 0);
         if (r < 0) {
                 log_error_errno(r, "Internal pager failed: %m");
                 _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
diff --git a/src/systemctl/systemctl.c b/src/systemctl/systemctl.c
index 2336ae34f4..60f8bc3df5 100644
--- a/src/systemctl/systemctl.c
+++ b/src/systemctl/systemctl.c
@@ -5300,7 +5300,7 @@ static int cat_file(const char *filename, bool newline) {
                ansi_normal());
         fflush(stdout);
 
-        return copy_bytes(fd, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, false);
+        return copy_bytes(fd, STDOUT_FILENO, (uint64_t) -1, 0);
 }
 
 static int cat(int argc, char *argv[], void *userdata) {
@@ -6582,7 +6582,7 @@ static int create_edit_temp_file(const char *new_path, const char *original_path
         if (r < 0)
                 return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to create directories for \"%s\": %m", new_path);
 
-        r = copy_file(original_path, t, 0, 0644, 0);
+        r = copy_file(original_path, t, 0, 0644, 0, COPY_REFLINK);
         if (r == -ENOENT) {
 
                 r = touch(t);
diff --git a/src/sysusers/sysusers.c b/src/sysusers/sysusers.c
index 17b966eb52..4a0a49f2bb 100644
--- a/src/sysusers/sysusers.c
+++ b/src/sysusers/sysusers.c
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ static int make_backup(const char *target, const char *x) {
         if (r < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        r = copy_bytes(src, fileno(dst), (uint64_t) -1, true);
+        r = copy_bytes(src, fileno(dst), (uint64_t) -1, COPY_REFLINK);
         if (r < 0)
                 goto fail;
 
diff --git a/src/test/test-copy.c b/src/test/test-copy.c
index e65516f080..7ccefe9396 100644
--- a/src/test/test-copy.c
+++ b/src/test/test-copy.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ static void test_copy_file(void) {
 
         assert_se(write_string_file(fn, "foo bar bar bar foo", WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE) == 0);
 
-        assert_se(copy_file(fn, fn_copy, 0, 0644, 0) == 0);
+        assert_se(copy_file(fn, fn_copy, 0, 0644, 0, COPY_REFLINK) == 0);
 
         assert_se(read_full_file(fn_copy, &buf, &sz) == 0);
         assert_se(streq(buf, "foo bar bar bar foo\n"));
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ static void test_copy_file_fd(void) {
         assert_se(out_fd >= 0);
 
         assert_se(write_string_file(in_fn, text, WRITE_STRING_FILE_CREATE) == 0);
-        assert_se(copy_file_fd("/a/file/which/does/not/exist/i/guess", out_fd, true) < 0);
-        assert_se(copy_file_fd(in_fn, out_fd, true) >= 0);
+        assert_se(copy_file_fd("/a/file/which/does/not/exist/i/guess", out_fd, COPY_REFLINK) < 0);
+        assert_se(copy_file_fd(in_fn, out_fd, COPY_REFLINK) >= 0);
         assert_se(lseek(out_fd, SEEK_SET, 0) == 0);
 
         assert_se(read(out_fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) == sizeof(text) - 1);
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ static void test_copy_tree(void) {
         unixsockp = strjoina(original_dir, "unixsock");
         assert_se(mknod(unixsockp, S_IFSOCK|0644, 0) >= 0);
 
-        assert_se(copy_tree(original_dir, copy_dir, true) == 0);
+        assert_se(copy_tree(original_dir, copy_dir, COPY_REFLINK|COPY_MERGE) == 0);
 
         STRV_FOREACH(p, files) {
                 _cleanup_free_ char *buf = NULL, *f;
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ static void test_copy_tree(void) {
         assert_se(stat(unixsockp, &st) >= 0);
         assert_se(S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode));
 
-        assert_se(copy_tree(original_dir, copy_dir, false) < 0);
-        assert_se(copy_tree("/tmp/inexistent/foo/bar/fsdoi", copy_dir, false) < 0);
+        assert_se(copy_tree(original_dir, copy_dir, COPY_REFLINK) < 0);
+        assert_se(copy_tree("/tmp/inexistent/foo/bar/fsdoi", copy_dir, COPY_REFLINK) < 0);
 
         (void) rm_rf(copy_dir, REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_PHYSICAL);
         (void) rm_rf(original_dir, REMOVE_ROOT|REMOVE_PHYSICAL);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ static void test_copy_bytes(void) {
 
         assert_se(pipe2(pipefd, O_CLOEXEC) == 0);
 
-        r = copy_bytes(infd, pipefd[1], (uint64_t) -1, false);
+        r = copy_bytes(infd, pipefd[1], (uint64_t) -1, 0);
         assert_se(r == 0);
 
         r = read(pipefd[0], buf, sizeof(buf));
@@ -185,13 +185,13 @@ static void test_copy_bytes(void) {
         assert_se(strneq(buf, buf2, r));
 
         /* test copy_bytes with invalid descriptors */
-        r = copy_bytes(pipefd[0], pipefd[0], 1, false);
+        r = copy_bytes(pipefd[0], pipefd[0], 1, 0);
         assert_se(r == -EBADF);
 
-        r = copy_bytes(pipefd[1], pipefd[1], 1, false);
+        r = copy_bytes(pipefd[1], pipefd[1], 1, 0);
         assert_se(r == -EBADF);
 
-        r = copy_bytes(pipefd[1], infd, 1, false);
+        r = copy_bytes(pipefd[1], infd, 1, 0);
         assert_se(r == -EBADF);
 }
 
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ static void test_copy_bytes_regular_file(const char *src, bool try_reflink, uint
         fd3 = mkostemp_safe(fn3);
         assert_se(fd3 >= 0);
 
-        r = copy_bytes(fd, fd2, max_bytes, try_reflink);
+        r = copy_bytes(fd, fd2, max_bytes, try_reflink ? COPY_REFLINK : 0);
         if (max_bytes == (uint64_t) -1)
                 assert_se(r == 0);
         else
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ static void test_copy_bytes_regular_file(const char *src, bool try_reflink, uint
 
         assert_se(lseek(fd2, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
 
-        r = copy_bytes(fd2, fd3, max_bytes, try_reflink);
+        r = copy_bytes(fd2, fd3, max_bytes, try_reflink ? COPY_REFLINK : 0);
         if (max_bytes == (uint64_t) -1)
                 assert_se(r == 0);
         else
diff --git a/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c b/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
index c4f4d46ca1..382853a2a5 100644
--- a/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
+++ b/src/tmpfiles/tmpfiles.c
@@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@ static int create_item(Item *i) {
                         return log_error_errno(r, "Failed to substitute specifiers in copy source %s: %m", i->argument);
 
                 log_debug("Copying tree \"%s\" to \"%s\".", resolved, i->path);
-                r = copy_tree(resolved, i->path, false);
+                r = copy_tree(resolved, i->path, COPY_REFLINK);
 
                 if (r == -EROFS && stat(i->path, &st) == 0)
                         r = -EEXIST;