diff --git a/src/basic/env-file.c b/src/basic/env-file.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6a7d6746a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/basic/env-file.c
@@ -0,0 +1,574 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
+
+#include <stdio_ext.h>
+
+#include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
+#include "env-util.h"
+#include "escape.h"
+#include "fd-util.h"
+#include "fileio.h"
+#include "fs-util.h"
+#include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
+#include "tmpfile-util.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+
+static int parse_env_file_internal(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char *fname,
+                int (*push) (const char *filename, unsigned line,
+                             const char *key, char *value, void *userdata, int *n_pushed),
+                void *userdata,
+                int *n_pushed) {
+
+        size_t key_alloc = 0, n_key = 0, value_alloc = 0, n_value = 0, last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1, last_key_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *contents = NULL, *key = NULL, *value = NULL;
+        unsigned line = 1;
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        enum {
+                PRE_KEY,
+                KEY,
+                PRE_VALUE,
+                VALUE,
+                VALUE_ESCAPE,
+                SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
+                SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE,
+                DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
+                DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE,
+                COMMENT,
+                COMMENT_ESCAPE
+        } state = PRE_KEY;
+
+        if (f)
+                r = read_full_stream(f, &contents, NULL);
+        else
+                r = read_full_file(fname, &contents, NULL);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        for (p = contents; *p; p++) {
+                char c = *p;
+
+                switch (state) {
+
+                case PRE_KEY:
+                        if (strchr(COMMENTS, c))
+                                state = COMMENT;
+                        else if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c)) {
+                                state = KEY;
+                                last_key_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
+
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(key, key_alloc, n_key+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                key[n_key++] = c;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case KEY:
+                        if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
+                                state = PRE_KEY;
+                                line++;
+                                n_key = 0;
+                        } else if (c == '=') {
+                                state = PRE_VALUE;
+                                last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
+                        } else {
+                                if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c))
+                                        last_key_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
+                                else if (last_key_whitespace == (size_t) -1)
+                                         last_key_whitespace = n_key;
+
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(key, key_alloc, n_key+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                key[n_key++] = c;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case PRE_VALUE:
+                        if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
+                                state = PRE_KEY;
+                                line++;
+                                key[n_key] = 0;
+
+                                if (value)
+                                        value[n_value] = 0;
+
+                                /* strip trailing whitespace from key */
+                                if (last_key_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
+                                        key[last_key_whitespace] = 0;
+
+                                r = push(fname, line, key, value, userdata, n_pushed);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                n_key = 0;
+                                value = NULL;
+                                value_alloc = n_value = 0;
+
+                        } else if (c == '\'')
+                                state = SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
+                        else if (c == '\"')
+                                state = DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
+                        else if (c == '\\')
+                                state = VALUE_ESCAPE;
+                        else if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c)) {
+                                state = VALUE;
+
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
+                                        return  -ENOMEM;
+
+                                value[n_value++] = c;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case VALUE:
+                        if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
+                                state = PRE_KEY;
+                                line++;
+
+                                key[n_key] = 0;
+
+                                if (value)
+                                        value[n_value] = 0;
+
+                                /* Chomp off trailing whitespace from value */
+                                if (last_value_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
+                                        value[last_value_whitespace] = 0;
+
+                                /* strip trailing whitespace from key */
+                                if (last_key_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
+                                        key[last_key_whitespace] = 0;
+
+                                r = push(fname, line, key, value, userdata, n_pushed);
+                                if (r < 0)
+                                        return r;
+
+                                n_key = 0;
+                                value = NULL;
+                                value_alloc = n_value = 0;
+
+                        } else if (c == '\\') {
+                                state = VALUE_ESCAPE;
+                                last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
+                        } else {
+                                if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c))
+                                        last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
+                                else if (last_value_whitespace == (size_t) -1)
+                                        last_value_whitespace = n_value;
+
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                value[n_value++] = c;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case VALUE_ESCAPE:
+                        state = VALUE;
+
+                        if (!strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
+                                /* Escaped newlines we eat up entirely */
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                value[n_value++] = c;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE:
+                        if (c == '\'')
+                                state = PRE_VALUE;
+                        else if (c == '\\')
+                                state = SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE;
+                        else {
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                value[n_value++] = c;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE:
+                        state = SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
+
+                        if (!strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                value[n_value++] = c;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE:
+                        if (c == '\"')
+                                state = PRE_VALUE;
+                        else if (c == '\\')
+                                state = DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE;
+                        else {
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                value[n_value++] = c;
+                        }
+
+                        break;
+
+                case DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE:
+                        state = DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
+
+                        if (!strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
+                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
+                                        return -ENOMEM;
+
+                                value[n_value++] = c;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case COMMENT:
+                        if (c == '\\')
+                                state = COMMENT_ESCAPE;
+                        else if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
+                                state = PRE_KEY;
+                                line++;
+                        }
+                        break;
+
+                case COMMENT_ESCAPE:
+                        state = COMMENT;
+                        break;
+                }
+        }
+
+        if (IN_SET(state,
+                   PRE_VALUE,
+                   VALUE,
+                   VALUE_ESCAPE,
+                   SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
+                   SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE,
+                   DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
+                   DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE)) {
+
+                key[n_key] = 0;
+
+                if (value)
+                        value[n_value] = 0;
+
+                if (state == VALUE)
+                        if (last_value_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
+                                value[last_value_whitespace] = 0;
+
+                /* strip trailing whitespace from key */
+                if (last_key_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
+                        key[last_key_whitespace] = 0;
+
+                r = push(fname, line, key, value, userdata, n_pushed);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+
+                value = NULL;
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int check_utf8ness_and_warn(
+                const char *filename, unsigned line,
+                const char *key, char *value) {
+
+        if (!utf8_is_valid(key)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                p = utf8_escape_invalid(key);
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "%s:%u: invalid UTF-8 in key '%s', ignoring.",
+                                       strna(filename), line, p);
+        }
+
+        if (value && !utf8_is_valid(value)) {
+                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+
+                p = utf8_escape_invalid(value);
+                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
+                                       "%s:%u: invalid UTF-8 value for key %s: '%s', ignoring.",
+                                       strna(filename), line, key, p);
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int parse_env_file_push(
+                const char *filename, unsigned line,
+                const char *key, char *value,
+                void *userdata,
+                int *n_pushed) {
+
+        const char *k;
+        va_list aq, *ap = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        r = check_utf8ness_and_warn(filename, line, key, value);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        va_copy(aq, *ap);
+
+        while ((k = va_arg(aq, const char *))) {
+                char **v;
+
+                v = va_arg(aq, char **);
+
+                if (streq(key, k)) {
+                        va_end(aq);
+                        free(*v);
+                        *v = value;
+
+                        if (n_pushed)
+                                (*n_pushed)++;
+
+                        return 1;
+                }
+        }
+
+        va_end(aq);
+        free(value);
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int parse_env_filev(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char *fname,
+                va_list ap) {
+
+        int r, n_pushed = 0;
+        va_list aq;
+
+        va_copy(aq, ap);
+        r = parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, parse_env_file_push, &aq, &n_pushed);
+        va_end(aq);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        return n_pushed;
+}
+
+int parse_env_file_sentinel(
+                FILE *f,
+                const char *fname,
+                ...) {
+
+        va_list ap;
+        int r;
+
+        va_start(ap, fname);
+        r = parse_env_filev(f, fname, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int load_env_file_push(
+                const char *filename, unsigned line,
+                const char *key, char *value,
+                void *userdata,
+                int *n_pushed) {
+        char ***m = userdata;
+        char *p;
+        int r;
+
+        r = check_utf8ness_and_warn(filename, line, key, value);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        p = strjoin(key, "=", value);
+        if (!p)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        r = strv_env_replace(m, p);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                free(p);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        if (n_pushed)
+                (*n_pushed)++;
+
+        free(value);
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int load_env_file(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***rl) {
+        char **m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, load_env_file_push, &m, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                strv_free(m);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        *rl = m;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int load_env_file_push_pairs(
+                const char *filename, unsigned line,
+                const char *key, char *value,
+                void *userdata,
+                int *n_pushed) {
+        char ***m = userdata;
+        int r;
+
+        r = check_utf8ness_and_warn(filename, line, key, value);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = strv_extend(m, key);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        if (!value) {
+                r = strv_extend(m, "");
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return -ENOMEM;
+        } else {
+                r = strv_push(m, value);
+                if (r < 0)
+                        return r;
+        }
+
+        if (n_pushed)
+                (*n_pushed)++;
+
+        return 0;
+}
+
+int load_env_file_pairs(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***rl) {
+        char **m = NULL;
+        int r;
+
+        r = parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, load_env_file_push_pairs, &m, NULL);
+        if (r < 0) {
+                strv_free(m);
+                return r;
+        }
+
+        *rl = m;
+        return 0;
+}
+
+static int merge_env_file_push(
+                const char *filename, unsigned line,
+                const char *key, char *value,
+                void *userdata,
+                int *n_pushed) {
+
+        char ***env = userdata;
+        char *expanded_value;
+
+        assert(env);
+
+        if (!value) {
+                log_error("%s:%u: invalid syntax (around \"%s\"), ignoring.", strna(filename), line, key);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        if (!env_name_is_valid(key)) {
+                log_error("%s:%u: invalid variable name \"%s\", ignoring.", strna(filename), line, key);
+                free(value);
+                return 0;
+        }
+
+        expanded_value = replace_env(value, *env,
+                                     REPLACE_ENV_USE_ENVIRONMENT|
+                                     REPLACE_ENV_ALLOW_BRACELESS|
+                                     REPLACE_ENV_ALLOW_EXTENDED);
+        if (!expanded_value)
+                return -ENOMEM;
+
+        free_and_replace(value, expanded_value);
+
+        return load_env_file_push(filename, line, key, value, env, n_pushed);
+}
+
+int merge_env_file(
+                char ***env,
+                FILE *f,
+                const char *fname) {
+
+        /* NOTE: this function supports braceful and braceless variable expansions,
+         * plus "extended" substitutions, unlike other exported parsing functions.
+         */
+
+        return parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, merge_env_file_push, env, NULL);
+}
+
+static void write_env_var(FILE *f, const char *v) {
+        const char *p;
+
+        p = strchr(v, '=');
+        if (!p) {
+                /* Fallback */
+                fputs_unlocked(v, f);
+                fputc_unlocked('\n', f);
+                return;
+        }
+
+        p++;
+        fwrite_unlocked(v, 1, p-v, f);
+
+        if (string_has_cc(p, NULL) || chars_intersect(p, WHITESPACE SHELL_NEED_QUOTES)) {
+                fputc_unlocked('\"', f);
+
+                for (; *p; p++) {
+                        if (strchr(SHELL_NEED_ESCAPE, *p))
+                                fputc_unlocked('\\', f);
+
+                        fputc_unlocked(*p, f);
+                }
+
+                fputc_unlocked('\"', f);
+        } else
+                fputs_unlocked(p, f);
+
+        fputc_unlocked('\n', f);
+}
+
+int write_env_file(const char *fname, char **l) {
+        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
+        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
+        char **i;
+        int r;
+
+        assert(fname);
+
+        r = fopen_temporary(fname, &f, &p);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        (void) __fsetlocking(f, FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER);
+        (void) fchmod_umask(fileno(f), 0644);
+
+        STRV_FOREACH(i, l)
+                write_env_var(f, *i);
+
+        r = fflush_and_check(f);
+        if (r >= 0) {
+                if (rename(p, fname) >= 0)
+                        return 0;
+
+                r = -errno;
+        }
+
+        unlink(p);
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/basic/env-file.h b/src/basic/env-file.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e1ca195ff0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/basic/env-file.h
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "macro.h"
+
+int parse_env_filev(FILE *f, const char *fname, va_list ap);
+int parse_env_file_sentinel(FILE *f, const char *fname, ...) _sentinel_;
+#define parse_env_file(f, fname, ...) parse_env_file_sentinel(f, fname, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
+int load_env_file(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***l);
+int load_env_file_pairs(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***l);
+
+int merge_env_file(char ***env, FILE *f, const char *fname);
+
+int write_env_file(const char *fname, char **l);
diff --git a/src/basic/fileio.c b/src/basic/fileio.c
index 549f987283..4c200f8393 100644
--- a/src/basic/fileio.c
+++ b/src/basic/fileio.c
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
-#include "env-util.h"
-#include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
@@ -26,9 +24,7 @@
 #include "path-util.h"
 #include "stdio-util.h"
 #include "string-util.h"
-#include "strv.h"
 #include "tmpfile-util.h"
-#include "utf8.h"
 
 #define READ_FULL_BYTES_MAX (4U*1024U*1024U)
 
@@ -359,565 +355,6 @@ int read_full_file(const char *fn, char **contents, size_t *size) {
         return read_full_stream(f, contents, size);
 }
 
-static int parse_env_file_internal(
-                FILE *f,
-                const char *fname,
-                int (*push) (const char *filename, unsigned line,
-                             const char *key, char *value, void *userdata, int *n_pushed),
-                void *userdata,
-                int *n_pushed) {
-
-        size_t key_alloc = 0, n_key = 0, value_alloc = 0, n_value = 0, last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1, last_key_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
-        _cleanup_free_ char *contents = NULL, *key = NULL, *value = NULL;
-        unsigned line = 1;
-        char *p;
-        int r;
-
-        enum {
-                PRE_KEY,
-                KEY,
-                PRE_VALUE,
-                VALUE,
-                VALUE_ESCAPE,
-                SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
-                SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE,
-                DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
-                DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE,
-                COMMENT,
-                COMMENT_ESCAPE
-        } state = PRE_KEY;
-
-        if (f)
-                r = read_full_stream(f, &contents, NULL);
-        else
-                r = read_full_file(fname, &contents, NULL);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        for (p = contents; *p; p++) {
-                char c = *p;
-
-                switch (state) {
-
-                case PRE_KEY:
-                        if (strchr(COMMENTS, c))
-                                state = COMMENT;
-                        else if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c)) {
-                                state = KEY;
-                                last_key_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
-
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(key, key_alloc, n_key+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                key[n_key++] = c;
-                        }
-                        break;
-
-                case KEY:
-                        if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
-                                state = PRE_KEY;
-                                line++;
-                                n_key = 0;
-                        } else if (c == '=') {
-                                state = PRE_VALUE;
-                                last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
-                        } else {
-                                if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c))
-                                        last_key_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
-                                else if (last_key_whitespace == (size_t) -1)
-                                         last_key_whitespace = n_key;
-
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(key, key_alloc, n_key+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                key[n_key++] = c;
-                        }
-
-                        break;
-
-                case PRE_VALUE:
-                        if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
-                                state = PRE_KEY;
-                                line++;
-                                key[n_key] = 0;
-
-                                if (value)
-                                        value[n_value] = 0;
-
-                                /* strip trailing whitespace from key */
-                                if (last_key_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
-                                        key[last_key_whitespace] = 0;
-
-                                r = push(fname, line, key, value, userdata, n_pushed);
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        return r;
-
-                                n_key = 0;
-                                value = NULL;
-                                value_alloc = n_value = 0;
-
-                        } else if (c == '\'')
-                                state = SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
-                        else if (c == '\"')
-                                state = DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
-                        else if (c == '\\')
-                                state = VALUE_ESCAPE;
-                        else if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c)) {
-                                state = VALUE;
-
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
-                                        return  -ENOMEM;
-
-                                value[n_value++] = c;
-                        }
-
-                        break;
-
-                case VALUE:
-                        if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
-                                state = PRE_KEY;
-                                line++;
-
-                                key[n_key] = 0;
-
-                                if (value)
-                                        value[n_value] = 0;
-
-                                /* Chomp off trailing whitespace from value */
-                                if (last_value_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
-                                        value[last_value_whitespace] = 0;
-
-                                /* strip trailing whitespace from key */
-                                if (last_key_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
-                                        key[last_key_whitespace] = 0;
-
-                                r = push(fname, line, key, value, userdata, n_pushed);
-                                if (r < 0)
-                                        return r;
-
-                                n_key = 0;
-                                value = NULL;
-                                value_alloc = n_value = 0;
-
-                        } else if (c == '\\') {
-                                state = VALUE_ESCAPE;
-                                last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
-                        } else {
-                                if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, c))
-                                        last_value_whitespace = (size_t) -1;
-                                else if (last_value_whitespace == (size_t) -1)
-                                        last_value_whitespace = n_value;
-
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                value[n_value++] = c;
-                        }
-
-                        break;
-
-                case VALUE_ESCAPE:
-                        state = VALUE;
-
-                        if (!strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
-                                /* Escaped newlines we eat up entirely */
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                value[n_value++] = c;
-                        }
-                        break;
-
-                case SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE:
-                        if (c == '\'')
-                                state = PRE_VALUE;
-                        else if (c == '\\')
-                                state = SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE;
-                        else {
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                value[n_value++] = c;
-                        }
-
-                        break;
-
-                case SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE:
-                        state = SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
-
-                        if (!strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                value[n_value++] = c;
-                        }
-                        break;
-
-                case DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE:
-                        if (c == '\"')
-                                state = PRE_VALUE;
-                        else if (c == '\\')
-                                state = DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE;
-                        else {
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                value[n_value++] = c;
-                        }
-
-                        break;
-
-                case DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE:
-                        state = DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE;
-
-                        if (!strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
-                                if (!GREEDY_REALLOC(value, value_alloc, n_value+2))
-                                        return -ENOMEM;
-
-                                value[n_value++] = c;
-                        }
-                        break;
-
-                case COMMENT:
-                        if (c == '\\')
-                                state = COMMENT_ESCAPE;
-                        else if (strchr(NEWLINE, c)) {
-                                state = PRE_KEY;
-                                line++;
-                        }
-                        break;
-
-                case COMMENT_ESCAPE:
-                        state = COMMENT;
-                        break;
-                }
-        }
-
-        if (IN_SET(state,
-                   PRE_VALUE,
-                   VALUE,
-                   VALUE_ESCAPE,
-                   SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
-                   SINGLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE,
-                   DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE,
-                   DOUBLE_QUOTE_VALUE_ESCAPE)) {
-
-                key[n_key] = 0;
-
-                if (value)
-                        value[n_value] = 0;
-
-                if (state == VALUE)
-                        if (last_value_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
-                                value[last_value_whitespace] = 0;
-
-                /* strip trailing whitespace from key */
-                if (last_key_whitespace != (size_t) -1)
-                        key[last_key_whitespace] = 0;
-
-                r = push(fname, line, key, value, userdata, n_pushed);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return r;
-
-                value = NULL;
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int check_utf8ness_and_warn(
-                const char *filename, unsigned line,
-                const char *key, char *value) {
-
-        if (!utf8_is_valid(key)) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
-
-                p = utf8_escape_invalid(key);
-                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
-                                       "%s:%u: invalid UTF-8 in key '%s', ignoring.",
-                                       strna(filename), line, p);
-        }
-
-        if (value && !utf8_is_valid(value)) {
-                _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
-
-                p = utf8_escape_invalid(value);
-                return log_error_errno(SYNTHETIC_ERRNO(EINVAL),
-                                       "%s:%u: invalid UTF-8 value for key %s: '%s', ignoring.",
-                                       strna(filename), line, key, p);
-        }
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int parse_env_file_push(
-                const char *filename, unsigned line,
-                const char *key, char *value,
-                void *userdata,
-                int *n_pushed) {
-
-        const char *k;
-        va_list aq, *ap = userdata;
-        int r;
-
-        r = check_utf8ness_and_warn(filename, line, key, value);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        va_copy(aq, *ap);
-
-        while ((k = va_arg(aq, const char *))) {
-                char **v;
-
-                v = va_arg(aq, char **);
-
-                if (streq(key, k)) {
-                        va_end(aq);
-                        free(*v);
-                        *v = value;
-
-                        if (n_pushed)
-                                (*n_pushed)++;
-
-                        return 1;
-                }
-        }
-
-        va_end(aq);
-        free(value);
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-int parse_env_filev(
-                FILE *f,
-                const char *fname,
-                va_list ap) {
-
-        int r, n_pushed = 0;
-        va_list aq;
-
-        va_copy(aq, ap);
-        r = parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, parse_env_file_push, &aq, &n_pushed);
-        va_end(aq);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        return n_pushed;
-}
-
-int parse_env_file_sentinel(
-                FILE *f,
-                const char *fname,
-                ...) {
-
-        va_list ap;
-        int r;
-
-        va_start(ap, fname);
-        r = parse_env_filev(f, fname, ap);
-        va_end(ap);
-
-        return r;
-}
-
-static int load_env_file_push(
-                const char *filename, unsigned line,
-                const char *key, char *value,
-                void *userdata,
-                int *n_pushed) {
-        char ***m = userdata;
-        char *p;
-        int r;
-
-        r = check_utf8ness_and_warn(filename, line, key, value);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        p = strjoin(key, "=", value);
-        if (!p)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        r = strv_env_replace(m, p);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                free(p);
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        if (n_pushed)
-                (*n_pushed)++;
-
-        free(value);
-        return 0;
-}
-
-int load_env_file(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***rl) {
-        char **m = NULL;
-        int r;
-
-        r = parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, load_env_file_push, &m, NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                strv_free(m);
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        *rl = m;
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int load_env_file_push_pairs(
-                const char *filename, unsigned line,
-                const char *key, char *value,
-                void *userdata,
-                int *n_pushed) {
-        char ***m = userdata;
-        int r;
-
-        r = check_utf8ness_and_warn(filename, line, key, value);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        r = strv_extend(m, key);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        if (!value) {
-                r = strv_extend(m, "");
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-        } else {
-                r = strv_push(m, value);
-                if (r < 0)
-                        return r;
-        }
-
-        if (n_pushed)
-                (*n_pushed)++;
-
-        return 0;
-}
-
-int load_env_file_pairs(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***rl) {
-        char **m = NULL;
-        int r;
-
-        r = parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, load_env_file_push_pairs, &m, NULL);
-        if (r < 0) {
-                strv_free(m);
-                return r;
-        }
-
-        *rl = m;
-        return 0;
-}
-
-static int merge_env_file_push(
-                const char *filename, unsigned line,
-                const char *key, char *value,
-                void *userdata,
-                int *n_pushed) {
-
-        char ***env = userdata;
-        char *expanded_value;
-
-        assert(env);
-
-        if (!value) {
-                log_error("%s:%u: invalid syntax (around \"%s\"), ignoring.", strna(filename), line, key);
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        if (!env_name_is_valid(key)) {
-                log_error("%s:%u: invalid variable name \"%s\", ignoring.", strna(filename), line, key);
-                free(value);
-                return 0;
-        }
-
-        expanded_value = replace_env(value, *env,
-                                     REPLACE_ENV_USE_ENVIRONMENT|
-                                     REPLACE_ENV_ALLOW_BRACELESS|
-                                     REPLACE_ENV_ALLOW_EXTENDED);
-        if (!expanded_value)
-                return -ENOMEM;
-
-        free_and_replace(value, expanded_value);
-
-        return load_env_file_push(filename, line, key, value, env, n_pushed);
-}
-
-int merge_env_file(
-                char ***env,
-                FILE *f,
-                const char *fname) {
-
-        /* NOTE: this function supports braceful and braceless variable expansions,
-         * plus "extended" substitutions, unlike other exported parsing functions.
-         */
-
-        return parse_env_file_internal(f, fname, merge_env_file_push, env, NULL);
-}
-
-static void write_env_var(FILE *f, const char *v) {
-        const char *p;
-
-        p = strchr(v, '=');
-        if (!p) {
-                /* Fallback */
-                fputs_unlocked(v, f);
-                fputc_unlocked('\n', f);
-                return;
-        }
-
-        p++;
-        fwrite_unlocked(v, 1, p-v, f);
-
-        if (string_has_cc(p, NULL) || chars_intersect(p, WHITESPACE SHELL_NEED_QUOTES)) {
-                fputc_unlocked('\"', f);
-
-                for (; *p; p++) {
-                        if (strchr(SHELL_NEED_ESCAPE, *p))
-                                fputc_unlocked('\\', f);
-
-                        fputc_unlocked(*p, f);
-                }
-
-                fputc_unlocked('\"', f);
-        } else
-                fputs_unlocked(p, f);
-
-        fputc_unlocked('\n', f);
-}
-
-int write_env_file(const char *fname, char **l) {
-        _cleanup_fclose_ FILE *f = NULL;
-        _cleanup_free_ char *p = NULL;
-        char **i;
-        int r;
-
-        assert(fname);
-
-        r = fopen_temporary(fname, &f, &p);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        (void) __fsetlocking(f, FSETLOCKING_BYCALLER);
-        (void) fchmod_umask(fileno(f), 0644);
-
-        STRV_FOREACH(i, l)
-                write_env_var(f, *i);
-
-        r = fflush_and_check(f);
-        if (r >= 0) {
-                if (rename(p, fname) >= 0)
-                        return 0;
-
-                r = -errno;
-        }
-
-        unlink(p);
-        return r;
-}
-
 int executable_is_script(const char *path, char **interpreter) {
         _cleanup_free_ char *line = NULL;
         size_t len;
diff --git a/src/basic/fileio.h b/src/basic/fileio.h
index 874cdabd6b..8480246072 100644
--- a/src/basic/fileio.h
+++ b/src/basic/fileio.h
@@ -44,16 +44,6 @@ int read_full_stream(FILE *f, char **contents, size_t *size);
 
 int verify_file(const char *fn, const char *blob, bool accept_extra_nl);
 
-int parse_env_filev(FILE *f, const char *fname, va_list ap);
-int parse_env_file_sentinel(FILE *f, const char *fname, ...) _sentinel_;
-#define parse_env_file(f, fname, ...) parse_env_file_sentinel(f, fname, __VA_ARGS__, NULL)
-int load_env_file(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***l);
-int load_env_file_pairs(FILE *f, const char *fname, char ***l);
-
-int merge_env_file(char ***env, FILE *f, const char *fname);
-
-int write_env_file(const char *fname, char **l);
-
 int executable_is_script(const char *path, char **interpreter);
 
 int get_proc_field(const char *filename, const char *pattern, const char *terminator, char **field);
diff --git a/src/basic/meson.build b/src/basic/meson.build
index d49aa65d8f..880c9b7eb1 100644
--- a/src/basic/meson.build
+++ b/src/basic/meson.build
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ basic_sources = files('''
         device-nodes.h
         dirent-util.c
         dirent-util.h
+        env-file.c
+        env-file.h
         env-util.c
         env-util.h
         errno-list.c
diff --git a/src/basic/util.c b/src/basic/util.c
index 00052c5e1d..c4f12a6daa 100644
--- a/src/basic/util.c
+++ b/src/basic/util.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include "def.h"
 #include "device-nodes.h"
 #include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/core/execute.c b/src/core/execute.c
index 33ba2eca56..6136d700a3 100644
--- a/src/core/execute.c
+++ b/src/core/execute.c
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@
 #include "chown-recursive.h"
 #include "cpu-set-util.h"
 #include "def.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "errno-list.h"
 #include "execute.h"
 #include "exit-status.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-util.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "glob-util.h"
diff --git a/src/core/locale-setup.c b/src/core/locale-setup.c
index fff3a798c4..584fb220a1 100644
--- a/src/core/locale-setup.c
+++ b/src/core/locale-setup.c
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "locale-setup.h"
 #include "locale-util.h"
 #include "proc-cmdline.h"
diff --git a/src/environment-d-generator/environment-d-generator.c b/src/environment-d-generator/environment-d-generator.c
index 1719b69b98..9d64d95738 100644
--- a/src/environment-d-generator/environment-d-generator.c
+++ b/src/environment-d-generator/environment-d-generator.c
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 #include "conf-files.h"
 #include "def.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "path-lookup.h"
 
diff --git a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
index 8e429481f1..a3f4377a64 100644
--- a/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
+++ b/src/firstboot/firstboot.c
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "ask-password-api.h"
 #include "copy.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
diff --git a/src/hostname/hostnamed.c b/src/hostname/hostnamed.c
index bf1c00b4aa..3992b0e744 100644
--- a/src/hostname/hostnamed.c
+++ b/src/hostname/hostnamed.c
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #include "bus-common-errors.h"
 #include "bus-util.h"
 #include "def.h"
+#include "env-file-label.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "fileio-label.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c b/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c
index e2cb76141f..7f08809c54 100644
--- a/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c
+++ b/src/journal-remote/journal-upload.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "conf-parser.h"
 #include "def.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-util.h"
diff --git a/src/journal/journald-stream.c b/src/journal/journald-stream.c
index 7283001158..137c8f0446 100644
--- a/src/journal/journald-stream.c
+++ b/src/journal/journald-stream.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/journal/sd-journal.c b/src/journal/sd-journal.c
index 952f67a0d9..b5ff5b64f3 100644
--- a/src/journal/sd-journal.c
+++ b/src/journal/sd-journal.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "catalog.h"
 #include "compress.h"
 #include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp-lease.c b/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp-lease.c
index 1c6efc5563..8275d2f31a 100644
--- a/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp-lease.c
+++ b/src/libsystemd-network/sd-dhcp-lease.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "dhcp-lease-internal.h"
 #include "dhcp-protocol.h"
 #include "dns-domain.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "hexdecoct.h"
diff --git a/src/libsystemd/sd-login/sd-login.c b/src/libsystemd/sd-login/sd-login.c
index e048d2ce18..a904c6b544 100644
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-login/sd-login.c
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-login/sd-login.c
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
 #include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-util.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "hostname-util.h"
diff --git a/src/libsystemd/sd-network/sd-network.c b/src/libsystemd/sd-network/sd-network.c
index fc66d41b63..4b66a92203 100644
--- a/src/libsystemd/sd-network/sd-network.c
+++ b/src/libsystemd/sd-network/sd-network.c
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 #include "sd-network.h"
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "parse-util.h"
diff --git a/src/locale/keymap-util.c b/src/locale/keymap-util.c
index 5a84438fbd..6b6b32a591 100644
--- a/src/locale/keymap-util.c
+++ b/src/locale/keymap-util.c
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 #include "bus-util.h"
 #include "def.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
+#include "env-file-label.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio-label.h"
diff --git a/src/login/logind-inhibit.c b/src/login/logind-inhibit.c
index dc9e4d93dc..415c26b147 100644
--- a/src/login/logind-inhibit.c
+++ b/src/login/logind-inhibit.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/login/logind-session.c b/src/login/logind-session.c
index 676ba37db8..4b4dd4c060 100644
--- a/src/login/logind-session.c
+++ b/src/login/logind-session.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "audit-util.h"
 #include "bus-error.h"
 #include "bus-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/login/logind-user.c b/src/login/logind-user.c
index 9f4835a8df..ae27bfb662 100644
--- a/src/login/logind-user.c
+++ b/src/login/logind-user.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "bus-util.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
 #include "clean-ipc.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/machine/machine-dbus.c b/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
index c9580d99be..95489a3d94 100644
--- a/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
+++ b/src/machine/machine-dbus.c
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 #include "bus-label.h"
 #include "bus-util.h"
 #include "copy.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-util.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "in-addr-util.h"
diff --git a/src/machine/machine.c b/src/machine/machine.c
index 1120cd577b..7157d57683 100644
--- a/src/machine/machine.c
+++ b/src/machine/machine.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "bus-error.h"
 #include "bus-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "escape.h"
 #include "extract-word.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
diff --git a/src/network/networkd-link.c b/src/network/networkd-link.c
index 45908340ed..2c18bcef1b 100644
--- a/src/network/networkd-link.c
+++ b/src/network/networkd-link.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "bus-util.h"
 #include "dhcp-identifier.h"
 #include "dhcp-lease-internal.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "netlink-util.h"
diff --git a/src/network/networkd-lldp-tx.c b/src/network/networkd-lldp-tx.c
index de39568eca..253308e36c 100644
--- a/src/network/networkd-lldp-tx.c
+++ b/src/network/networkd-lldp-tx.c
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "hostname-util.h"
 #include "networkd-lldp-tx.h"
 #include "networkd-manager.h"
diff --git a/src/portable/portablectl.c b/src/portable/portablectl.c
index 9af9744fd0..02d3954897 100644
--- a/src/portable/portablectl.c
+++ b/src/portable/portablectl.c
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 #include "bus-util.h"
 #include "def.h"
 #include "dirent-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-table.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "locale-util.h"
diff --git a/src/resolve/resolved-link.c b/src/resolve/resolved-link.c
index bff5277b2d..2cfb848a8b 100644
--- a/src/resolve/resolved-link.c
+++ b/src/resolve/resolved-link.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "sd-network.h"
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "missing.h"
diff --git a/src/shared/cgroup-show.c b/src/shared/cgroup-show.c
index 26dcb0f151..988a354ae3 100644
--- a/src/shared/cgroup-show.c
+++ b/src/shared/cgroup-show.c
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 #include "bus-util.h"
 #include "cgroup-show.h"
 #include "cgroup-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "format-util.h"
 #include "locale-util.h"
 #include "macro.h"
diff --git a/src/shared/condition.c b/src/shared/condition.c
index 35c9aa4caf..fb77966264 100644
--- a/src/shared/condition.c
+++ b/src/shared/condition.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 #include "list.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "mountpoint-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "parse-util.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
 #include "proc-cmdline.h"
diff --git a/src/shared/dissect-image.c b/src/shared/dissect-image.c
index b234ba15a2..4e572ac861 100644
--- a/src/shared/dissect-image.c
+++ b/src/shared/dissect-image.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "device-nodes.h"
 #include "device-util.h"
 #include "dissect-image.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
diff --git a/src/shared/env-file-label.c b/src/shared/env-file-label.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..add68d224d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/env-file-label.c
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
+
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+
+#include "env-file-label.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
+#include "selinux-util.h"
+
+int write_env_file_label(const char *fname, char **l) {
+        int r;
+
+        r = mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(fname, S_IFREG);
+        if (r < 0)
+                return r;
+
+        r = write_env_file(fname, l);
+
+        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
+
+        return r;
+}
diff --git a/src/shared/env-file-label.h b/src/shared/env-file-label.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..158fc4ec0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/shared/env-file-label.h
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
+#pragma once
+
+/* These functions are split out of fileio.h (and not for example just flags to the functions they wrap) in order to
+ * optimize linking: This way, -lselinux is needed only for the callers of these functions that need selinux, but not
+ * for all */
+
+int write_env_file_label(const char *fname, char **l);
diff --git a/src/shared/exec-util.c b/src/shared/exec-util.c
index 972231d687..7ea8ad351c 100644
--- a/src/shared/exec-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/exec-util.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "conf-files.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "exec-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
diff --git a/src/shared/fileio-label.c b/src/shared/fileio-label.c
index 22df9c9379..49ab29720b 100644
--- a/src/shared/fileio-label.c
+++ b/src/shared/fileio-label.c
@@ -20,20 +20,6 @@ int write_string_file_atomic_label_ts(const char *fn, const char *line, struct t
         return r;
 }
 
-int write_env_file_label(const char *fname, char **l) {
-        int r;
-
-        r = mac_selinux_create_file_prepare(fname, S_IFREG);
-        if (r < 0)
-                return r;
-
-        r = write_env_file(fname, l);
-
-        mac_selinux_create_file_clear();
-
-        return r;
-}
-
 int create_shutdown_run_nologin_or_warn(void) {
         int r;
 
diff --git a/src/shared/fileio-label.h b/src/shared/fileio-label.h
index 2ef2c541de..8f88955d81 100644
--- a/src/shared/fileio-label.h
+++ b/src/shared/fileio-label.h
@@ -11,6 +11,5 @@ int write_string_file_atomic_label_ts(const char *fn, const char *line, struct t
 static inline int write_string_file_atomic_label(const char *fn, const char *line) {
         return write_string_file_atomic_label_ts(fn, line, NULL);
 }
-int write_env_file_label(const char *fname, char **l);
 
 int create_shutdown_run_nologin_or_warn(void);
diff --git a/src/shared/machine-image.c b/src/shared/machine-image.c
index d5f6ab8529..7919164b27 100644
--- a/src/shared/machine-image.c
+++ b/src/shared/machine-image.c
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 #include "copy.h"
 #include "dirent-util.h"
 #include "dissect-image.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
 #include "hostname-util.h"
diff --git a/src/shared/meson.build b/src/shared/meson.build
index 4971ce2d72..c4da082316 100644
--- a/src/shared/meson.build
+++ b/src/shared/meson.build
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@ shared_sources = files('''
         efivars.c
         efivars.h
         enable-mempool.c
+        env-file-label.c
+        env-file-label.h
         exec-util.c
         exec-util.h
         exit-status.c
diff --git a/src/shared/os-util.c b/src/shared/os-util.c
index 82471a45ba..f7d46d3c47 100644
--- a/src/shared/os-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/os-util.c
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 /* SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1+ */
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "macro.h"
 #include "os-util.h"
-#include "strv.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "string-util.h"
+#include "strv.h"
 
 int path_is_os_tree(const char *path) {
         int r;
diff --git a/src/shared/tests.c b/src/shared/tests.c
index 95f22e58b1..11ea12ed69 100644
--- a/src/shared/tests.c
+++ b/src/shared/tests.c
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
 #undef basename
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "path-util.h"
diff --git a/src/shared/udev-util.c b/src/shared/udev-util.c
index 87ff6d288f..fdeaf8f613 100644
--- a/src/shared/udev-util.c
+++ b/src/shared/udev-util.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "parse-util.h"
 #include "string-table.h"
diff --git a/src/test/test-fileio.c b/src/test/test-fileio.c
index da536fe5ab..44047f2e5a 100644
--- a/src/test/test-fileio.c
+++ b/src/test/test-fileio.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "ctype.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "env-util.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
diff --git a/src/test/test-unit-file.c b/src/test/test-unit-file.c
index b1aa387110..13c289270d 100644
--- a/src/test/test-unit-file.c
+++ b/src/test/test-unit-file.c
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
 #include "alloc-util.h"
 #include "capability-util.h"
 #include "conf-parser.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
-#include "fileio.h"
 #include "fs-util.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
 #include "hostname-util.h"
diff --git a/src/vconsole/vconsole-setup.c b/src/vconsole/vconsole-setup.c
index 7182be4624..71fc59cbfa 100644
--- a/src/vconsole/vconsole-setup.c
+++ b/src/vconsole/vconsole-setup.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "alloc-util.h"
+#include "env-file.h"
 #include "fd-util.h"
 #include "fileio.h"
 #include "io-util.h"