Populate NEWS a bit, in preparation for v231
(Note complete yet.)
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Lennart Poettering
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5bd7342617
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208
NEWS
208
NEWS
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@ -2,23 +2,207 @@ systemd System and Service Manager
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CHANGES WITH 231:
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* When using systemd's default tmp.mount for /tmp, this will now be
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mounted with the "nosuid" and "nodev" options. This avoids
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privilege escalation attacks that put traps and exploits into /tmp.
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However, this might cause some problems if you e. g. put container
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* In service units the various ExecXYZ= settings have been extended
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with an additional special character as first argument of the
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assigned value: if the character '!' is used the specified command
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line it will be run with full privileges, regardless of User=,
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Group=, CapabilityBoundingSet= and similar options. The effect is
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similar to the existing PermissionsStartOnly= option, but allows
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configuration of this concept for each executed command line
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independently.
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* Services may now alter the service watchdog timeout at runtime by
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sending a WATCHDOG_USEC= message via sd_notify().
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* MemoryLimit= and related unit settings now optionally take percentage
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specifications. The percentage is taken relative to the amount of
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physical memory in the system (or in case of containers, the assigned
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amount of memory). This allows scaling service resources neatly with
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the amount of RAM available on the system. Similar, systemd-logind's
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RuntimeDirectorySize= option now also optionally takes percentage
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values.
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* In similar fashion TasksMax= takes percentage values now, too. The
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value is taken relative to the configured maximum number of processes
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on the system. The per-service task maximum has been changed to 15%
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using this functionality. (Effectively this is an increase of 512 →
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4915 for service units, given the kernel's default pid_max setting.)
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* Calendar time specifications in .timer units now understand a ".."
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syntax for time ranges. Example: "4..7:10" may now be used for
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defining a timer that is triggered at 4:10am, 5:10am, 6:10am and
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7:10am every day.
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* The InaccessableDirectories=, ReadOnlyDirectories= and
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ReadWriteDirectories= unit file settings have been renamed to
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InaccessablePaths=, ReadOnlyPaths= and ReadWritePaths= and may now be
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applied to all kinds of file nodes, and not just directories, with
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the exception of symlinks. Specifically these settings may now be
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used on block and character device nodes, UNIX sockets and FIFOS as
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well as regular files. The old names of these settings remain
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available for compatibility.
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* systemd will now log about all service processes it kills forcibly
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(using SIGKILL) because they remained after the clean shutdown phase
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of the service completed. This should help identifying services that
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shut down uncleanly. Moreover if KillUserProcesses= is enabled in
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systemd-logind's configuration a similar log message is generated for
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processes killed at the end of each session due to this setting.
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* systemd will now set the $JOURNAL_STREAM environment variable for all
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services whose stdout/stderr are connected to the Journal (which
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effectively means by default: all services). The variable contains
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the device and inode number of the file descriptor used for
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stdout/stderr. This may be used by invoked programs to detect whether
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their stdout/stderr is connected to the Journal, in which case they
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can switch over to direct Journal communication, thus being able to
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pass extended, structured metadata along with their log messages. As
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one example, this is now used by glib's logging primitives.
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* When using systemd's default tmp.mount unit for /tmp, the mount point
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will now be established with the "nosuid" and "nodev" options. This
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avoids privilege escalation attacks that put traps and exploits into
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/tmp. However, this might cause problems if you e. g. put container
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images or overlays into /tmp; if you need this, override tmp.mount's
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"Options=" with a drop-in, or mount /tmp from /etc/fstab with your
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desired options.
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* systemd-resolved gained a new "Cache=" option in resolved.conf.
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Local caching makes DNS poisoning attacks slightly easier and allows
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a local user to detect whether any other user on the same machine has
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recently visited a given DNS name (privacy). If that is a concern,
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you can disable local caching with this option at the cost of slower
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DNS resolution (which is particularly expensive with DNSSEC). The
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default continues to be "yes" (i. e. caching is enabled).
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* systemd now supports the "memory" cgroup controller also on
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cgroupsv2.
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Contributions from: ...
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* The systemd-cgtop tool now optionally takes a control group path as
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command line argument. If specified, the control group list shown is
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limited to subgroups of that group.
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* The SystemCallFilter= unit file setting gained support for
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pre-defined, named system call filter sets. For example
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SystemCallFilter=@clock is now an effective way to make all clock
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changing-related system calls unavailanle to a service. A number of
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similar pre-defined groups are defined. Writing system call filters
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for system services is simplified substantially with this new
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concept. Accordingly, all of systemd's own, long-running services now
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enable system call filtering based on this, by default.
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* A new service setting MemoryDenyWriteExecute= has been added, taking
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a boolean value. If turned on, a service may no longer create memory
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mappings that are writable and executable at the same time. This
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enhances security for services where this is enabled as it becomes
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harder to dynamically write and then execute memory in exploited
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service processes. This option has been enabled for all of systemd's
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own long-running services.
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* A new RestrictRealtime= service setting has been added, taking a
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boolean argument. If set the service's processes may no longer
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acquire realtime scheduling. This improves security as realtime
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scheduling may otherwise be used to easily freeze the system.
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* systemd-nspawn gained a new switch --notify-ready= taking a boolean
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value. This may be used for requesting that the system manager inside
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of the container reports start-up completion to nspawn which then
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propagates this notification further to the service manager
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supervising nspawn itself. A related option NotifyReady= in .nspawn
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files has been added too. This functionality allows ordering of the
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start-up of multiple containers using the usual systemd ordering
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primitives.
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* machinectl gained a new command "stop" that is an alias for
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"terminate".
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* systemd-resolved gained support for contacting DNS servers on
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link-local IPv6 addresses.
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* If systemd-resolved receives the SIGUSR2 signal it will now flush all
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its caches. A method call for requesting the same operation has been
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added to the bus API too, and is made available via "systemd-resolve
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--flush-caches".
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* systemd-resolved gained a new --status switch. If passed a brief
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summary of the used DNS configuration with per-interface information
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is shown.
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* resolved.conf gained a new Cache= boolean option, defaulting to
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on. If turned off local DNS caching is disabled. This comes with a
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performance penalty in particular when DNSSEC is enabled. Note that
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resolved disables its internaly caching implicitly anyway, when the
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configured DNS server is on a host-local IP address such as ::1 or
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127.0.0.1, thus automatically avoiding double local caching.
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* systemd-resolved now listens on the local IP address 127.0.0.53:53
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for DNS requests. This improves compatibility with local programs
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that do not use the libc NSS or systemd-resolved's bus APIs for name
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resolution. This minimal DNS service is only available to local
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programs and does not implement the full DNS protocol, but enough to
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cover local DNS clients. A new, static resolv.conf file, listing just
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this DNS server is now shipped in /usr/lib/systemd/resolv.conf. It is
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now recommended to make /etc/resolv.conf a symlink to this file in
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order to route all DNS lookups to systemd-resolved, regardless if
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done via NSS, the bus API or raw DNS packets. Note that this local
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DNS service is not as fully featured as the libc NSS or
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systemd-resolved's bus APIs. For example, as unicast DNS cannot be
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used to deliver link-local address information (as this implies
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sending a local interface index along), LLMNR/mDNS support via this
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interface is severely restricted. It is thus strongly recommended for
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all applications to use the libc NSS API or native systemd-resolved
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bus API instead.
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* systemd-networkd's bridge support learned a new setting
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VLANFiltering= for controlling VLAN filtering. Moreover a new section
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in .network files has been added for configuring VLAN bridging in
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more detail: VLAN=, EgressUntagged=, PVID= in [BridgeVLAN].
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* systemd-networkd's IPv6 Router Advertisement code now makes use of
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the DNSSL and RDNSS options. This means IPv6 DNS configuration may
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now be acquired without relying on DHCPv6. Two new options
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UseDomains= and UseDNS= have been added to configure this behaviour.
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* systemd-networkd's IPv6AcceptRouterAdvertisements= option has been
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renamed IPv6AcceptRA=, without altering its behaviour. The old
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setting name remains available for compatibility reasons.
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* The systemd-networkd VTI/VTI6 tunneling support gained new options
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Key=, InputKey= and OutputKey=.
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* systemd-networkd gained support for VRF ("Virtual Routing Function")
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interface configuration.
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* "systemctl edit" may now be used to create new unit files by
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specifying the --force switch.
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* sd-event gained a new function sd_event_get_iteration() for
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requesting the current iteration counter of the event loop. It starts
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at zero and is increased by one with each event loop iteration.
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* Configuration for "mkosi" is now part of the systemd
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repository. mkosi is a tool to easily build legacy-free OS images,
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and is available on github: https://github.com/systemd/mkosi. If
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"mkosi" is invoked in the build tree a new raw OS image is generated
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incorporating the systemd sources currently being worked on and a
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clean, fresh distribution installation. The generated OS image may be
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booted up with "systemd-nspawn -b -i", qemu-kvm or on any physcial
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UEFI PC. This functionality is particularly useful to easily test
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local changes made to systemd in a pristine, defined environment. See
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HACKING for details.
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Contributions from: 0xAX, Alessandro Puccetti, Alessio Igor Bogani,
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Alexander Kuleshov, Alexander Kurtz, Alex Gaynor, Andika Triwidada,
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Andreas Pokorny, Andreas Rammhold, Andrew Jeddeloh, Ansgar Burchardt,
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Atrotors, Benjamin Drung, Brian Boylston, Christian Hesse, Christian
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Rebischke, Daniele Medri, Daniel Mack, Dave Reisner, David Herrmann,
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David Michael, Djalal Harouni, Doug Christman, Douglas Christman, Elias
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Probst, Evgeny Vereshchagin, Federico Mena Quintero, Felipe Sateler,
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Franck Bui, Harald Hoyer, Ian Lee, Ivan Shapovalov, Jakub Wilk, Jan
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Janssen, Jean-Sébastien Bour, John Paul Adrian Glaubitz, Jouke
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Witteveen, Kai Ruhnau, kpengboy, Kyle Walker, Lénaïc Huard, Lennart
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Poettering, Luca Bruno, Lukas Lösche, Lukáš Nykrýn, mahkoh, Marcel
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Holtmann, Martin Pitt, Marty Plummer, Matthieu Codron, Max Prokhorov,
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Michael Biebl, Michael Karcher, michaelolbrich, Michał Bartoszkiewicz,
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Michal Sekletar, Michal Soltys, Minkyung, Muhammet Kara, mulkieran,
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Otto Wallenius, Pablo Lezaeta Reyes, Peter Hutterer, Ronny Chevalier,
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Rusty Bird, Stef Walter, Susant Sahani, Tejun Heo, Thomas Blume, Thomas
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Haller, Thomas Hindoe Paaboel Andersen, Thomas H. P. Andersen, Tobias
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Jungel, Tom Gundersen, Tom Yan, Topi Miettinen, Torstein Husebø,
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Valentin Vidić, Viktar Vaŭčkievič, Weng Xuetian, Werner Fink, Zbigniew
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Jędrzejewski-Szmek
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— Somewhere, 2016-XX-XX
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