Now that we don't kill control processes anymore, let's at least warn
about any processes left-over in the unit cgroup at the moment of
starting the unit.
This introduces a new function unit_prepare_exec() that encapsulates a
number of calls we do in preparation for spawning off some processes in
all our unit types that do so.
This allows us to neatly unify a bit of code between unit types and
shorten our code.
And let's make use of it to implement two new unit settings with it:
1. LogLevelMax= is a new per-unit setting that may be used to configure
log priority filtering: set it to LogLevelMax=notice and only
messages of level "notice" and lower (i.e. more important) will be
processed, all others are dropped.
2. LogExtraFields= is a new per-unit setting for configuring per-unit
journal fields, that are implicitly included in every log record
generated by the unit's processes. It takes field/value pairs in the
form of FOO=BAR.
Also, related to this, one exisiting unit setting is ported to this new
facility:
3. The invocation ID is now pulled from /run/systemd/units/ instead of
cgroupfs xattrs. This substantially relaxes requirements of systemd
on the kernel version and the privileges it runs with (specifically,
cgroupfs xattrs are not available in containers, since they are
stored in kernel memory, and hence are unsafe to permit to lesser
privileged code).
/run/systemd/units/ is a new directory, which contains a number of files
and symlinks encoding the above information. PID 1 creates and manages
these files, and journald reads them from there.
Note that this is supposed to be a direct path between PID 1 and the
journal only, due to the special runtime environment the journal runs
in. Normally, today we shouldn't introduce new interfaces that (mis-)use
a file system as IPC framework, and instead just an IPC system, but this
is very hard to do between the journal and PID 1, as long as the IPC
system is a subject PID 1 manages, and itself a client to the journal.
This patch cleans up a couple of types used in journal code:
specifically we switch to size_t for a couple of memory-sizing values,
as size_t is the right choice for everything that is memory.
Fixes: #4089Fixes: #3041Fixes: #4441
There should be a way to turn this logic of, and DefaultDependencies=
appears to be the right option for that, hence let's downgrade this
dependency type from "implicit" to "default, and thus honour
DefaultDependencies=.
This also drops mount_get_fstype() as we only have a single user needing
this now.
A follow-up for #7076.
This replaces the dependencies Set* objects by Hashmap* objects, where
the key is the depending Unit, and the value is a bitmask encoding why
the specific dependency was created.
The bitmask contains a number of different, defined bits, that indicate
why dependencies exist, for example whether they are created due to
explicitly configured deps in files, by udev rules or implicitly.
Note that memory usage is not increased by this change, even though we
store more information, as we manage to encode the bit mask inside the
value pointer each Hashmap entry contains.
Why this all? When we know how a dependency came to be, we can update
dependencies correctly when a configuration source changes but others
are left unaltered. Specifically:
1. We can fix UDEV_WANTS dependency generation: so far we kept adding
dependencies configured that way, but if a device lost such a
dependency we couldn't them again as there was no scheme for removing
of dependencies in place.
2. We can implement "pin-pointed" reload of unit files. If we know what
dependencies were created as result of configuration in a unit file,
then we know what to flush out when we want to reload it.
3. It's useful for debugging: "systemd-analyze dump" now shows
this information, helping substantially with understanding how
systemd's dependency tree came to be the way it came to be.
Update the timeout warnings for remount and unmount. For consistency with
mount, for accuracy, and for consistency with their equivalents in
service.c.
In the past we introduced this property just for tmp.mount. However on
todays systems usually there are many more tmpfs mounts. Most notably
mounts backing XDG_RUNTIME_DIR for each user.
Let's generalize what we already have for tmp.mount and implement the
ordering After=swap.target for all tmpfs based mounts.
This slightly changes how we log about failures. Previously,
service_enter_dead() would log that a service unit failed along with its
result code, and unit_notify() would do this again but without the
result code. For other unit types only the latter would take effect.
This cleans this up: we keep the message in unit_notify() only for debug
purposes, and add type-specific log lines to all our unit types that can
fail, and always place them before unit_notify() is invoked.
Or in other words: the duplicate log message for service units is
removed, and all other unit types get a more useful line with the
precise result code.
The function returns true for all states that have a control process
running, and each time we call it that's what we want to know, hence
let's rename it accordingly. Moreover, the more generic unit states have
an ACTIVE state, and it is defined quite differently from the set of
states this function returns true for, hence let's avoid confusion and
not reuse the word "ACTIVE" here in a different context.
Finally, let's uppercase this, since in most ways it's pretty much
identical to a macro
This changes the mount unit state engine in the following ways:
1. The MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGTERM and MOUNT_MOUNTING_SIGKILL are removed.
They have been pretty much equivalent to MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGTERM and
MOUNT_UNMOUNTING_SIGKILL in what they do, and the outcome has been
the same as well: the unit is stopped. Hence, let's simplify things a
bit, and merge them. Note that we keep
MOUNT_REMOUNTING_{SIGTERM|SIGKILL} however, as those states have a
different outcome: the unit remains started.
2. mount_enter_signal() will now honour the SendSIGKILL= option of the
mount unit if it was set. This was previously done already when we
entered the signal states through a timeout, and was simply missing
here.
3. A new helper function mount_enter_dead_or_mounted() is added that
places the mount unit in either MOUNT_DEAD or MOUNT_MOUNTED,
depending on what the kernel thinks about the mount's state. This
function is called at various places now, wherever we finished an
operation, and want to make sure our own state reflects again what
the kernel thinks. Previously we had very similar code in a number of
places and in other places didn't recheck the kernel state. Let's do
that with the same logic and function at all relevant places now.
4. Rework mount_stop(): never forget about running control processes.
Instead: when we have a start (i.e. a /bin/mount) process running,
and are asked to stop, then enter the kill states for it, so that it
gets cleaned up. This fixes#6048. Moreover, when we have a reload
process running convert the possible states into the relevant
unmounting states, so that we can properly execute the requested
operation.
Fixes#6048
Let's only collect the first failure in the load result, and let's clear
it explicitly when we are about to enter a new reload operation. This
makes it more alike the handling of the main result value (which also
only stores the first failure), and also the handling of service.c's
reload state.
For some reason we didn't dump the cgroup context for a number of unit
types, including service units. Not sure how this wasn't noticed
before... Add this in.
"Permissions" was a bit of a misnomer, as it suggests that UNIX file
permission bits are adjusted, which aren't really changed here. Instead,
this is about UNIX credentials such as users or groups, as well as
namespacing, hence let's use a more generic term here, without any
misleading reference to UNIX file permissions: "sandboxing", which shall
refer to all kinds of sandboxing technologies, including UID/GID
dropping, selinux relabelling, namespacing, seccomp, and so on.
The new unit_set_exec_params() call is to units what
manager_set_exec_params() is to the manager object: it initializes the
various fields from the relevant generic properties set.
mount_load does not require fragment files to be present in order to
load mount units which are perpetual, or come from /proc/self/mountinfo.
mount_verify should do the same, otherwise a synthesized '-.mount' would
be marked as failed with "No such file or directory", as it is perpetual
but not marked to come from /proc/self/mountinfo at this point.
This happens for the user instance, and I suspect it was the cause of #5375
for the system instance, without gpt-generator.
This introduces {State,Cache,Log,Configuration}Directory= those are
similar to RuntimeDirectory=. They create the directories under
/var/lib, /var/cache/, /var/log, or /etc, respectively, with the mode
specified in {State,Cache,Log,Configuration}DirectoryMode=.
This also fixes#6391.
"-c", which is short for "--no-canonicalize", tells /bin/umount
that the path name is canonical (no .. or symlinks etc).
systemd always uses a canonical name, so this flag is appropriate
for systemd to use.
Knowing that the path is canonical allows umount to avoid
some calls to lstat() on the path.
From v2.30 "-c" goes further and causes umount to avoid all
attempts to 'lstat()' (or similar) the path. This is important
when automatically unmounting a filesystem, as lstat() can
hang indefinitely in some cases such as when an NFS server
is not accessible.
"-c" has been supported since util-linux 2.17 which is before the
earliest version supported by systemd.
So "-c" is safe to use now, and once util-linux v2.30 is in use,
it will allow mounts from non-responsive NFS servers to be
unmounted.
When a new entry appears in /proc/self/mountinfo, mount_setup_unit()
allocated a new mount unit for it and starts initializing it.
mount_setup_unit() is also used to update a mount unit when a change happens in
/proc/self/mountinfo, for example a mountpoint can be remounted with additional
mount options.
This patch introduces 2 separate functions to deal with those 2 cases instead
of mount_setup_unit() dealing with both of them. The common code is small and
doing the split makes the code easier to read and less error prone if extended
later.
It also makes sure to initialize in both functions the mount parameters of the
mount unit before calling mount_is_extrinsic() since this function relies on
them.
Fixes: #4902
Since commit 9d06297, mount units from mountinfo are not bound to their devices
anymore (they use the "Requires" dependency instead).
This has the following drawback: if a media is mounted and the eject button is
pressed then the media is unconditionally ejected leaving some inconsistent
states.
Since udev is the component that is reacting (no matter if the device is used
or not) to the eject button, users expect that udev at least try to unmount the
media properly.
This patch introduces a new property "SYSTEMD_MOUNT_DEVICE_BOUND". When set on
a block device, all units that requires this device will see their "Requires"
dependency upgraded to a "BindTo" one. This is currently only used by cdrom
devices.
This patch also gives the possibility to the user to restore the previous
behavior that is bind a mount unit to a device. This is achieved by passing the
"x-systemd.device-bound" option to mount(8). Please note that currently this is
not working because libmount treats the x-* options has comments therefore
they're not available in utab for later application retrievals.
This adds a concept of "extrinsic" mounts. If mounts are extrinsic we consider
them managed by something else and do not add automatic ordering against
umount.target, local-fs.target, remote-fs.target.
Extrinsic mounts are considered:
- All mounts if we are running in --user mode
- API mounts such as everything below /proc, /sys, /dev, which exist from
earliest boot to latest shutdown.
- All mounts marked as initrd mounts, if we run on the host
- The initrd's private directory /run/initrams that should survive until last
reboot.
This primarily merges a couple of different exclusion lists into a single
concept.
We generally try to make our destructors robust regarding NULL pointers, much
in the same way as glibc's free(). Do this also for unit_free().
Follow-up for #4748.
It's rather hard to parse the confirmation messages (enabled with
systemd.confirm_spawn=true) amongst the status messages and the kernel
ones (if enabled).
This patch gives the possibility to the user to redirect the confirmation
message to a different virtual console, either by giving its name or its path,
so those messages are separated from the other ones and easier to read.
We don't have plural in the name of any other -util files and this
inconsistency trips me up every time I try to type this file name
from memory. "formats-util" is even hard to pronounce.
Let's propagate the error here, instead of eating it up early.
In a later change we should probably also change mount_enumerate() to propagate
errors up, but that would mean we'd have to change the unit vtable, and thus
change all unit types, hence is quite an invasive change.
It's a common pattern, so add a helper for it. A macro is necessary
because a function that takes a pointer to a pointer would be type specific,
similarly to cleanup functions. Seems better to use a macro.
SIGTERM should be considered a clean exit code for daemons (i.e. long-running
processes, as a daemon without SIGTERM handler may be shut down without issues
via SIGTERM still) while it should not be considered a clean exit code for
commands (i.e. short-running processes).
Let's add two different clean checking modes for this, and use the right one at
the appropriate places.
Fixes: #4275
This adds a new invocation ID concept to the service manager. The invocation ID
identifies each runtime cycle of a unit uniquely. A new randomized 128bit ID is
generated each time a unit moves from and inactive to an activating or active
state.
The primary usecase for this concept is to connect the runtime data PID 1
maintains about a service with the offline data the journal stores about it.
Previously we'd use the unit name plus start/stop times, which however is
highly racy since the journal will generally process log data after the service
already ended.
The "invocation ID" kinda matches the "boot ID" concept of the Linux kernel,
except that it applies to an individual unit instead of the whole system.
The invocation ID is passed to the activated processes as environment variable.
It is additionally stored as extended attribute on the cgroup of the unit. The
latter is used by journald to automatically retrieve it for each log logged
message and attach it to the log entry. The environment variable is very easily
accessible, even for unprivileged services. OTOH the extended attribute is only
accessible to privileged processes (this is because cgroupfs only supports the
"trusted." xattr namespace, not "user."). The environment variable may be
altered by services, the extended attribute may not be, hence is the better
choice for the journal.
Note that reading the invocation ID off the extended attribute from journald is
racy, similar to the way reading the unit name for a logging process is.
This patch adds APIs to read the invocation ID to sd-id128:
sd_id128_get_invocation() may be used in a similar fashion to
sd_id128_get_boot().
PID1's own logging is updated to always include the invocation ID when it logs
information about a unit.
A new bus call GetUnitByInvocationID() is added that allows retrieving a bus
path to a unit by its invocation ID. The bus path is built using the invocation
ID, thus providing a path for referring to a unit that is valid only for the
current runtime cycleof it.
Outlook for the future: should the kernel eventually allow passing of cgroup
information along AF_UNIX/SOCK_DGRAM messages via a unique cgroup id, then we
can alter the invocation ID to be generated as hash from that rather than
entirely randomly. This way we can derive the invocation race-freely from the
messages.
This adds the boolean RemoveIPC= setting to service, socket, mount and swap
units (i.e. all unit types that may invoke processes). if turned on, and the
unit's user/group is not root, all IPC objects of the user/group are removed
when the service is shut down. The life-cycle of the IPC objects is hence bound
to the unit life-cycle.
This is particularly relevant for units with dynamic users, as it is essential
that no objects owned by the dynamic users survive the service exiting. In
fact, this patch adds code to imply RemoveIPC= if DynamicUser= is set.
In order to communicate the UID/GID of an executed process back to PID 1 this
adds a new "user lookup" socket pair, that is inherited into the forked
processes, and closed before the exec(). This is needed since we cannot do NSS
from PID 1 due to deadlock risks, However need to know the used UID/GID in
order to clean up IPC owned by it if the unit shuts down.
Previously, the result value of a unit was overriden with each failure that
took place, so that the result always reported the last failure that took
place.
With this commit this is changed, so that the first failure taking place is
stored instead. This should normally not matter much as multiple failures are
sufficiently uncommon. However, it improves one behaviour: if we send SIGABRT
to a service due to a watchdog timeout, then this currently would be reported
as "coredump" failure, rather than the "watchodg" failure it really is. Hence,
in order to report information about the type of the failure, and not about
the effect of it, let's change this from all unit type to store the first, not
the last failure.
This addresses the issue pointed out here:
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/3818#discussion_r73433520
The ExecParameters structure contains a number of bit-flags, that were so far
exposed as bool:1, change this to a proper, single binary bit flag field. This
makes things a bit more expressive, and is helpful as we add more flags, since
these booleans are passed around in various callers, for example
service_spawn(), whose signature can be made much shorter now.
Not all bit booleans from ExecParameters are moved into the flags field for
now, but this can be added later.
This adds a new boolean setting DynamicUser= to service files. If set, a new
user will be allocated dynamically when the unit is started, and released when
it is stopped. The user ID is allocated from the range 61184..65519. The user
will not be added to /etc/passwd (but an NSS module to be added later should
make it show up in getent passwd).
For now, care should be taken that the service writes no files to disk, since
this might result in files owned by UIDs that might get assigned dynamically to
a different service later on. Later patches will tighten sandboxing in order to
ensure that this cannot happen, except for a few selected directories.
A simple way to test this is:
systemd-run -p DynamicUser=1 /bin/sleep 99999
Without this code the following can happen:
1. Open a file to keep a mount busy
2. Try to stop the corresponding mount unit with systemctl
-> umount fails and the failure is remembered in mount->result
3. Close the file and umount the filesystem manually
-> mount_dispatch_io() calls "mount_enter_dead(mount, MOUNT_SUCCESS)"
-> Old error in mount->result is reused and the mount unit enters a
failed state
Clear the old error result when 'mountinfo' reports a successful umount to
fix this.
