715 lines
37 KiB
XML
715 lines
37 KiB
XML
<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
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<!--
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This file is part of systemd.
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Copyright 2010 Lennart Poettering
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systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
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under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
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the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
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(at your option) any later version.
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systemd is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
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Lesser General Public License for more details.
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You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
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along with systemd; If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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-->
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<refentry id="systemd-nspawn"
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xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
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<refentryinfo>
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<title>systemd-nspawn</title>
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<productname>systemd</productname>
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<authorgroup>
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<author>
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<contrib>Developer</contrib>
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<firstname>Lennart</firstname>
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<surname>Poettering</surname>
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<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
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</author>
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</authorgroup>
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</refentryinfo>
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<refmeta>
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<refentrytitle>systemd-nspawn</refentrytitle>
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<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
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</refmeta>
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<refnamediv>
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<refname>systemd-nspawn</refname>
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<refpurpose>Spawn a namespace container for debugging, testing and building</refpurpose>
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</refnamediv>
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<refsynopsisdiv>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="opt"><replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg>
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</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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<cmdsynopsis>
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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<arg choice="plain">-b</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
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<arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">ARGS</arg>
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</cmdsynopsis>
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</refsynopsisdiv>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Description</title>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> may be used to
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run a command or OS in a light-weight namespace
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container. In many ways it is similar to
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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but more powerful since it fully virtualizes the file
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system hierarchy, as well as the process tree, the
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various IPC subsystems and the host and domain
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name.</para>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> limits access
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to various kernel interfaces in the container to
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read-only, such as <filename>/sys</filename>,
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<filename>/proc/sys</filename> or
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<filename>/sys/fs/selinux</filename>. Network
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interfaces and the system clock may not be changed
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from within the container. Device nodes may not be
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created. The host system cannot be rebooted and kernel
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modules may not be loaded from within the
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container.</para>
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<para>Note that even though these security precautions
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are taken <command>systemd-nspawn</command> is not
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suitable for secure container setups. Many of the
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security features may be circumvented and are hence
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primarily useful to avoid accidental changes to the
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host system from the container. The intended use of
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this program is debugging and testing as well as
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building of packages, distributions and software
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involved with boot and systems management.</para>
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<para>In contrast to
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> <command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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may be used to boot full Linux-based operating systems
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in a container.</para>
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<para>Use a tool like
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>yum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
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or
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pacman</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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to set up an OS directory tree suitable as file system
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hierarchy for <command>systemd-nspawn</command>
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containers.</para>
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<para>Note that <command>systemd-nspawn</command> will
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mount file systems private to the container to
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<filename>/dev</filename>,
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<filename>/run</filename> and similar. These will
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not be visible outside of the container, and their
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contents will be lost when the container exits.</para>
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<para>Note that running two
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command> containers from the
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same directory tree will not make processes in them
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see each other. The PID namespace separation of the
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two containers is complete and the containers will
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share very few runtime objects except for the
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underlying file system. Use
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
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<command>login</command> command to request an
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additional login prompt in a running container.</para>
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<para><command>systemd-nspawn</command> implements the
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<ulink
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url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ContainerInterface">Container
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Interface</ulink> specification.</para>
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<para>As a safety check
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<command>systemd-nspawn</command> will verify the
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existence of <filename>/etc/os-release</filename> in
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the container tree before starting the container (see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>os-release</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>). It
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might be necessary to add this file to the container
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tree manually if the OS of the container is too old to
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contain this file out-of-the-box.</para>
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</refsect1>
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<refsect1>
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<title>Options</title>
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<para>If option <option>-b</option> is specified, the
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arguments are used as arguments for the init
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binary. Otherwise, <replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable>
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specifies the program to launch in the container, and
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the remaining arguments are used as arguments for this
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program. If <option>-b</option> is not used and no
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arguments are specifed, a shell is launched in the
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container.</para>
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<para>The following options are understood:</para>
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-D</option></term>
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<term><option>--directory=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Directory to use as
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file system root for the container. If
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neither <option>--directory=</option>
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nor <option>--image=</option> are
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specified, the current directory will
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be used. May not be specified together with
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<option>--image=</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-i</option></term>
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<term><option>--image=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Disk image to mount
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the root directory for the container
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from. Takes a path to a regular file
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or to a block device node. The file or
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block device must contain a GUID
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Partition Table with a root partition
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which is mounted as the root directory
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of the container. Optionally, it may
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contain a home and/or a server data
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partition which are mounted to the
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appropriate places in the
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container. All these partitions must
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be identified by the partition types
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defined by the <ulink
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url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/DiscoverablePartitionsSpec/">Discoverable
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Partitions Specification</ulink>. Any
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other partitions, such as foreign
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partitions, swap partitions or EFI
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system partitions are not mounted. May
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not be specified together with
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<option>--directory=</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-b</option></term>
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<term><option>--boot</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Automatically search
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for an init binary and invoke it
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instead of a shell or a user supplied
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program. If this option is used,
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arguments specified on the command
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line are used as arguments for the
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init binary. This option may not be
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combined with
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<option>--share-system</option>.
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</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-u</option></term>
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<term><option>--user=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>After transitioning
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into the container, change to the
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specified user-defined in the
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container's user database. Like all
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other systemd-nspawn features, this is
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not a security feature and provides
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protection against accidental
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destructive operations
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only.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-M</option></term>
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<term><option>--machine=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the machine name
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for this container. This name may be
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used to identify this container on the
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host, and is used to initialize the
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container's hostname (which the
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container can choose to override,
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however). If not specified, the last
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component of the root directory of the
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container is used.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--uuid=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Set the specified UUID
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for the container. The init system
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will initialize
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<filename>/etc/machine-id</filename>
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from this if this file is not set yet.
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</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--slice=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Make the container
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part of the specified slice, instead
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of the default
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<filename>machine.slice</filename>.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--private-network</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Disconnect networking
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of the container from the host. This
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makes all network interfaces
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unavailable in the container, with the
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exception of the loopback device and
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those specified with
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<option>--network-interface=</option>
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and configured with
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<option>--network-veth</option>. If
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this option is specified, the
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CAP_NET_ADMIN capability will be added
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to the set of capabilities the
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container retains. The latter may be
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disabled by using
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<option>--drop-capability=</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--network-interface=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Assign the specified
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network interface to the
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container. This will remove the
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specified interface from the calling
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namespace and place it in the
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container. When the container
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terminates, it is moved back to the
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host namespace. Note that
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<option>--network-interface=</option>
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implies
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<option>--private-network</option>. This
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option may be used more than once to
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add multiple network interfaces to the
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container.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--network-macvlan=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Create a
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<literal>macvlan</literal> interface
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of the specified Ethernet network
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interface and add it to the
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container. A
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<literal>macvlan</literal> interface
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is a virtual interface that adds a
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second MAC address to an existing
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physical Ethernet link. The interface
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in the container will be named after
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the interface on the host, prefixed
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with <literal>mv-</literal>. Note that
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<option>--network-macvlan=</option>
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implies
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<option>--private-network</option>. This
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option may be used more than once to
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add multiple network interfaces to the
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container.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--network-veth</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Create a virtual
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Ethernet link
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(<literal>veth</literal>) between host
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and container. The host side of the
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Ethernet link will be available as a
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network interface named after the
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container's name (as specified with
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<option>--machine=</option>), prefixed
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with <literal>ve-</literal>. The
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container side of the the Ethernet
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link will be named
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<literal>host0</literal>. Note that
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<option>--network-veth</option>
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implies
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<option>--private-network</option>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--network-bridge=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Adds the host side of
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the Ethernet link created with
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<option>--network-veth</option> to the
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specified bridge. Note that
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<option>--network-bridge=</option>
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implies
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||
<option>--network-veth</option>. If
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this option is used the host side of
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the Ethernet link will use the
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<literal>vb-</literal> prefix instead
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of <literal>ve-</literal>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-Z</option></term>
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<term><option>--selinux-context=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the SELinux
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security context to be used to label
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processes in the container.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>-L</option></term>
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<term><option>--selinux-apifs-context=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>Sets the SELinux security
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context to be used to label files in
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the virtual API file systems in the
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container.</para>
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</listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><option>--capability=</option></term>
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<listitem><para>List one or more
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additional capabilities to grant the
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container. Takes a comma-separated
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list of capability names, see
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<citerefentry><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
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||
for more information. Note that the
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||
following capabilities will be granted
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||
in any way: CAP_CHOWN,
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CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE, CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH,
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CAP_FOWNER, CAP_FSETID, CAP_IPC_OWNER,
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||
CAP_KILL, CAP_LEASE,
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||
CAP_LINUX_IMMUTABLE,
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CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE,
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||
CAP_NET_BROADCAST, CAP_NET_RAW,
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||
CAP_SETGID, CAP_SETFCAP, CAP_SETPCAP,
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||
CAP_SETUID, CAP_SYS_ADMIN,
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||
CAP_SYS_CHROOT, CAP_SYS_NICE,
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||
CAP_SYS_PTRACE, CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG,
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CAP_SYS_RESOURCE, CAP_SYS_BOOT,
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CAP_AUDIT_WRITE,
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CAP_AUDIT_CONTROL. Also CAP_NET_ADMIN
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||
is retained if
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||
<option>--private-network</option> is
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||
specified. If the special value
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||
<literal>all</literal> is passed, all
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||
capabilities are
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||
retained.</para></listitem>
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||
</varlistentry>
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||
|
||
<varlistentry>
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||
<term><option>--drop-capability=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Specify one or more
|
||
additional capabilities to drop for
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||
the container. This allows running the
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||
container with fewer capabilities than
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||
the default (see above).</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
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||
<term><option>--link-journal=</option></term>
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||
|
||
<listitem><para>Control whether the
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container's journal shall be made
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||
visible to the host system. If enabled,
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||
allows viewing the container's journal
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||
files from the host (but not vice
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||
versa). Takes one of
|
||
<literal>no</literal>,
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||
<literal>host</literal>,
|
||
<literal>guest</literal>,
|
||
<literal>auto</literal>. If
|
||
<literal>no</literal>, the journal is
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||
not linked. If <literal>host</literal>,
|
||
the journal files are stored on the
|
||
host file system (beneath
|
||
<filename>/var/log/journal/<replaceable>machine-id</replaceable></filename>)
|
||
and the subdirectory is bind-mounted
|
||
into the container at the same
|
||
location. If <literal>guest</literal>,
|
||
the journal files are stored on the
|
||
guest file system (beneath
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||
<filename>/var/log/journal/<replaceable>machine-id</replaceable></filename>)
|
||
and the subdirectory is symlinked into the host
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||
at the same location. If
|
||
<literal>auto</literal> (the default),
|
||
and the right subdirectory of
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||
<filename>/var/log/journal</filename>
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||
exists, it will be bind mounted
|
||
into the container. If the
|
||
subdirectory does not exist, no
|
||
linking is performed. Effectively,
|
||
booting a container once with
|
||
<literal>guest</literal> or
|
||
<literal>host</literal> will link the
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||
journal persistently if further on
|
||
the default of <literal>auto</literal>
|
||
is used.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-j</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Equivalent to
|
||
<option>--link-journal=guest</option>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--read-only</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Mount the root file
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||
system read-only for the
|
||
container.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--bind=</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--bind-ro=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Bind mount a file or
|
||
directory from the host into the
|
||
container. Either takes a path
|
||
argument -- in which case the
|
||
specified path will be mounted from
|
||
the host to the same path in the
|
||
container --, or a colon-separated
|
||
pair of paths -- in which case the
|
||
first specified path is the source in
|
||
the host, and the second path is the
|
||
destination in the container. The
|
||
<option>--bind-ro=</option> option
|
||
creates read-only bind
|
||
mounts.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--setenv=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Specifies an
|
||
environment variable assignment to
|
||
pass to the init process in the
|
||
container, in the format
|
||
<literal>NAME=VALUE</literal>. This
|
||
may be used to override the default
|
||
variables or to set additional
|
||
variables. This parameter may be used
|
||
more than once.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--share-system</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Allows the container
|
||
to share certain system facilities
|
||
with the host. More specifically, this
|
||
turns off PID namespacing, UTS
|
||
namespacing and IPC namespacing, and
|
||
thus allows the guest to see and
|
||
interact more easily with processes
|
||
outside of the container. Note that
|
||
using this option makes it impossible
|
||
to start up a full Operating System in
|
||
the container, as an init system
|
||
cannot operate in this mode. It is
|
||
only useful to run specific programs
|
||
or applications this way, without
|
||
involving an init system in the
|
||
container. This option implies
|
||
<option>--register=no</option>. This
|
||
option may not be combined with
|
||
<option>--boot</option>.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--register=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Controls whether the
|
||
container is registered with
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Takes
|
||
a boolean argument, defaults to
|
||
<literal>yes</literal>. This option
|
||
should be enabled when the container
|
||
runs a full Operating System (more
|
||
specifically: an init system), and is
|
||
useful to ensure that the container is
|
||
accessible via
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
and shown by tools such as
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. If
|
||
the container does not run an init
|
||
system, it is recommended to set this
|
||
option to <literal>no</literal>. Note
|
||
that <option>--share-system</option>
|
||
implies
|
||
<option>--register=no</option>.
|
||
</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--keep-unit</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Instead of creating a
|
||
transient scope unit to run the
|
||
container in, simply register the
|
||
service or scope unit
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> has
|
||
been invoked in with
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-machined</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. This
|
||
has no effect if
|
||
<option>--register=no</option> is
|
||
used. This switch should be used if
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command> is
|
||
invoked from within a service unit,
|
||
and the service unit's sole purpose
|
||
is to run a single
|
||
<command>systemd-nspawn</command>
|
||
container. This option is not
|
||
available if run from a user
|
||
session.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>--personality=</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Control the
|
||
architecture ("personality") reported
|
||
by
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
in the container. Currently, only
|
||
<literal>x86</literal> and
|
||
<literal>x86-64</literal> are
|
||
supported. This is useful when running
|
||
a 32-bit container on a 64-bit
|
||
host. If this setting is not used
|
||
the personality reported in the
|
||
container is the same as the one
|
||
reported on the
|
||
host.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<varlistentry>
|
||
<term><option>-q</option></term>
|
||
<term><option>--quiet</option></term>
|
||
|
||
<listitem><para>Turns off any status
|
||
output by the tool itself. When this
|
||
switch is used, the only output
|
||
from nspawn will be the console output
|
||
of the container OS itself.</para></listitem>
|
||
</varlistentry>
|
||
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
|
||
<xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
|
||
</variablelist>
|
||
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Example 1</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># yum -y --releasever=19 --nogpg --installroot=/srv/mycontainer --disablerepo='*' --enablerepo=fedora install systemd passwd yum fedora-release vim-minimal
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -bD /srv/mycontainer</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This installs a minimal Fedora distribution into
|
||
the directory <filename noindex='true'>/srv/mycontainer/</filename> and
|
||
then boots an OS in a namespace container in
|
||
it.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Example 2</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># debootstrap --arch=amd64 unstable ~/debian-tree/
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -D ~/debian-tree/</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This installs a minimal Debian unstable
|
||
distribution into the directory
|
||
<filename>~/debian-tree/</filename> and then spawns a
|
||
shell in a namespace container in it.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Example 3</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># pacstrap -c -d ~/arch-tree/ base
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -bD ~/arch-tree/</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This installs a mimimal Arch Linux distribution into
|
||
the directory <filename>~/arch-tree/</filename> and then
|
||
boots an OS in a namespace container in it.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Example 4</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># mv ~/arch-tree /var/lib/container/arch
|
||
# systemctl enable systemd-nspawn@arch.service
|
||
# systemctl start systemd-nspawn@arch.service</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This makes the Arch Linux container part of the
|
||
<filename>multi-user.target</filename> on the host.
|
||
</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Example 5</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># btrfs subvolume snapshot / /.tmp
|
||
# systemd-nspawn --private-network -D /.tmp -b</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This runs a copy of the host system in a
|
||
btrfs snapshot.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Example 6</title>
|
||
|
||
<programlisting># chcon system_u:object_r:svirt_sandbox_file_t:s0:c0,c1 -R /srv/container
|
||
# systemd-nspawn -L system_u:object_r:svirt_sandbox_file_t:s0:c0,c1 -Z system_u:system_r:svirt_lxc_net_t:s0:c0,c1 -D /srv/container /bin/sh</programlisting>
|
||
|
||
<para>This runs a container with SELinux sandbox security contexts.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>Exit status</title>
|
||
|
||
<para>The exit code of the program executed in the
|
||
container is returned.</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
<refsect1>
|
||
<title>See Also</title>
|
||
<para>
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>yum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pacman</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
|
||
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>machinectl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
|
||
</para>
|
||
</refsect1>
|
||
|
||
</refentry>
|