core: reuse the same /tmp, /var/tmp and inaccessible dir

All Execs within the service, will get mounted the same
/tmp and /var/tmp directories, if service is configured with
PrivateTmp=yes. Temporary directories are cleaned up by service
itself in addition to systemd-tmpfiles. Directory which is mounted
as inaccessible is created at runtime in /run/systemd.
This commit is contained in:
Michal Sekletar 2013-03-14 18:12:27 +01:00 committed by Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek
parent 3b953d68c6
commit c17ec25e4d
15 changed files with 307 additions and 155 deletions

View file

@ -1107,7 +1107,9 @@
processes via
<filename>/tmp</filename> or
<filename>/var/tmp</filename>
impossible. Defaults to
impossible. All temporary data created
by service will be removed after service
is stopped. Defaults to
false.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>

View file

@ -173,6 +173,18 @@ static bool is_terminal_output(ExecOutput o) {
o == EXEC_OUTPUT_JOURNAL_AND_CONSOLE;
}
void exec_context_serialize(const ExecContext *context, Unit *u, FILE *f) {
assert(context);
assert(u);
assert(f);
if (context->tmp_dir)
unit_serialize_item(u, f, "tmp-dir", context->tmp_dir);
if (context->var_tmp_dir)
unit_serialize_item(u, f, "var-tmp-dir", context->var_tmp_dir);
}
static int open_null_as(int flags, int nfd) {
int fd, r;
@ -968,7 +980,7 @@ static int apply_seccomp(uint32_t *syscall_filter) {
int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
char **argv,
const ExecContext *context,
ExecContext *context,
int fds[], unsigned n_fds,
char **environment,
bool apply_permissions,
@ -1036,6 +1048,12 @@ int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
cgroup_attribute_apply_list(cgroup_attributes, cgroup_bondings);
if (context->private_tmp && !context->tmp_dir && !context->var_tmp_dir) {
r = setup_tmpdirs(&context->tmp_dir, &context->var_tmp_dir);
if (r < 0)
return r;
}
pid = fork();
if (pid < 0)
return -errno;
@ -1302,6 +1320,8 @@ int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
err = setup_namespace(context->read_write_dirs,
context->read_only_dirs,
context->inaccessible_dirs,
context->tmp_dir,
context->var_tmp_dir,
context->private_tmp,
context->mount_flags);
if (err < 0) {
@ -1530,7 +1550,23 @@ void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c) {
c->timer_slack_nsec = (nsec_t) -1;
}
void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
void exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(ExecContext *c) {
assert(c);
if (c->tmp_dir) {
rm_rf_dangerous(c->tmp_dir, false, true, false);
free(c->tmp_dir);
c->tmp_dir = NULL;
}
if (c->var_tmp_dir) {
rm_rf_dangerous(c->var_tmp_dir, false, true, false);
free(c->var_tmp_dir);
c->var_tmp_dir = NULL;
}
}
void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c, bool reloading_or_reexecuting) {
unsigned l;
assert(c);
@ -1594,6 +1630,9 @@ void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c) {
free(c->syscall_filter);
c->syscall_filter = NULL;
if (!reloading_or_reexecuting)
exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(c);
}
void exec_command_done(ExecCommand *c) {

View file

@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ typedef struct ExecContext ExecContext;
struct CGroupBonding;
struct CGroupAttribute;
typedef struct Unit Unit;
#include "list.h"
#include "util.h"
@ -141,6 +143,8 @@ struct ExecContext {
bool non_blocking;
bool private_tmp;
bool private_network;
char *tmp_dir;
char *var_tmp_dir;
bool no_new_privileges;
@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ struct ExecContext {
int exec_spawn(ExecCommand *command,
char **argv,
const ExecContext *context,
ExecContext *context,
int fds[], unsigned n_fds,
char **environment,
bool apply_permissions,
@ -192,13 +196,15 @@ void exec_command_append_list(ExecCommand **l, ExecCommand *e);
int exec_command_set(ExecCommand *c, const char *path, ...);
void exec_context_init(ExecContext *c);
void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c);
void exec_context_done(ExecContext *c, bool reloading_or_reexecuting);
void exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(ExecContext *c);
void exec_context_dump(ExecContext *c, FILE* f, const char *prefix);
void exec_context_tty_reset(const ExecContext *context);
int exec_context_load_environment(const ExecContext *c, char ***l);
bool exec_context_may_touch_console(ExecContext *c);
void exec_context_serialize(const ExecContext *c, Unit *u, FILE *f);
void exec_status_start(ExecStatus *s, pid_t pid);
void exec_status_exit(ExecStatus *s, ExecContext *context, pid_t pid, int code, int status);

View file

@ -2333,6 +2333,12 @@ static bool manager_is_booting_or_shutting_down(Manager *m) {
return false;
}
bool manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(Manager *m) {
assert(m);
return m->n_reloading != 0;
}
void manager_reset_failed(Manager *m) {
Unit *u;
Iterator i;

View file

@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ struct Watch {
#include "set.h"
#include "dbus.h"
#include "path-lookup.h"
#include "execute.h"
struct Manager {
/* Note that the set of units we know of is allowed to be
@ -283,6 +284,8 @@ int manager_distribute_fds(Manager *m, FDSet *fds);
int manager_reload(Manager *m);
bool manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(Manager *m);
void manager_reset_failed(Manager *m);
void manager_send_unit_audit(Manager *m, Unit *u, int type, bool success);

View file

@ -447,6 +447,7 @@ int mount_setup(bool loaded_policy) {
* systemd. */
mkdir_label("/run/systemd", 0755);
mkdir_label("/run/systemd/system", 0755);
mkdir_label("/run/systemd/inaccessible", 0000);
return 0;
}

View file

@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include "manager.h"
#include "unit.h"
#include "mount.h"
#include "load-fragment.h"
@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ static void mount_done(Unit *u) {
mount_parameters_done(&m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo);
mount_parameters_done(&m->parameters_fragment);
exec_context_done(&m->exec_context);
exec_context_done(&m->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
exec_command_done_array(m->exec_command, _MOUNT_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
m->control_command = NULL;
@ -870,6 +871,7 @@ static void mount_enter_dead(Mount *m, MountResult f) {
if (f != MOUNT_SUCCESS)
m->result = f;
exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&m->exec_context);
mount_set_state(m, m->result != MOUNT_SUCCESS ? MOUNT_FAILED : MOUNT_DEAD);
}
@ -1163,6 +1165,8 @@ static int mount_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
if (m->control_command_id >= 0)
unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", mount_exec_command_to_string(m->control_command_id));
exec_context_serialize(&m->exec_context, UNIT(m), f);
return 0;
}
@ -1219,7 +1223,22 @@ static int mount_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, F
m->control_command_id = id;
m->control_command = m->exec_command + id;
}
} else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
m->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
} else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
m->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
} else
log_debug_unit(UNIT(m)->id,
"Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);

View file

@ -36,23 +36,24 @@
#include "path-util.h"
#include "namespace.h"
#include "missing.h"
#include "execute.h"
typedef enum PathMode {
typedef enum MountMode {
/* This is ordered by priority! */
INACCESSIBLE,
READONLY,
PRIVATE_TMP,
PRIVATE_VAR_TMP,
READWRITE
} PathMode;
} MountMode;
typedef struct Path {
typedef struct BindMount {
const char *path;
PathMode mode;
MountMode mode;
bool done;
} Path;
} BindMount;
static int append_paths(Path **p, char **strv, PathMode mode) {
static int append_mounts(BindMount **p, char **strv, MountMode mode) {
char **i;
STRV_FOREACH(i, strv) {
@ -68,8 +69,8 @@ static int append_paths(Path **p, char **strv, PathMode mode) {
return 0;
}
static int path_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
const Path *p = a, *q = b;
static int mount_path_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
const BindMount *p = a, *q = b;
if (path_equal(p->path, q->path)) {
@ -93,14 +94,13 @@ static int path_compare(const void *a, const void *b) {
return 0;
}
static void drop_duplicates(Path *p, unsigned *n, bool *need_inaccessible) {
Path *f, *t, *previous;
static void drop_duplicates(BindMount *m, unsigned *n) {
BindMount *f, *t, *previous;
assert(p);
assert(m);
assert(n);
assert(need_inaccessible);
for (f = p, t = p, previous = NULL; f < p+*n; f++) {
for (f = m, t = m, previous = NULL; f < m+*n; f++) {
/* The first one wins */
if (previous && path_equal(f->path, previous->path))
@ -109,37 +109,33 @@ static void drop_duplicates(Path *p, unsigned *n, bool *need_inaccessible) {
t->path = f->path;
t->mode = f->mode;
if (t->mode == INACCESSIBLE)
*need_inaccessible = true;
previous = t;
t++;
}
*n = t - p;
*n = t - m;
}
static int apply_mount(
Path *p,
BindMount *m,
const char *tmp_dir,
const char *var_tmp_dir,
const char *inaccessible_dir) {
const char *var_tmp_dir) {
const char *what;
int r;
assert(p);
assert(m);
switch (p->mode) {
switch (m->mode) {
case INACCESSIBLE:
what = inaccessible_dir;
what = "/run/systemd/inaccessible";
break;
case READONLY:
case READWRITE:
what = p->path;
what = m->path;
break;
case PRIVATE_TMP:
@ -156,134 +152,100 @@ static int apply_mount(
assert(what);
r = mount(what, p->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
r = mount(what, m->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REC, NULL);
if (r >= 0)
log_debug("Successfully mounted %s to %s", what, p->path);
log_debug("Successfully mounted %s to %s", what, m->path);
return r;
}
static int make_read_only(Path *p) {
static int make_read_only(BindMount *m) {
int r;
assert(p);
assert(m);
if (p->mode != INACCESSIBLE && p->mode != READONLY)
if (m->mode != INACCESSIBLE && m->mode != READONLY)
return 0;
r = mount(NULL, p->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REMOUNT|MS_RDONLY|MS_REC, NULL);
r = mount(NULL, m->path, NULL, MS_BIND|MS_REMOUNT|MS_RDONLY|MS_REC, NULL);
if (r < 0)
return -errno;
return 0;
}
int setup_namespace(
char **writable,
char **readable,
char **inaccessible,
bool private_tmp,
unsigned long flags) {
int setup_tmpdirs(char **tmp_dir,
char **var_tmp_dir) {
int r = 0;
char tmp_dir_template[] = "/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX",
var_tmp_dir_template[] = "/var/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX";
char
tmp_dir[] = "/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX",
var_tmp_dir[] = "/var/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX",
inaccessible_dir[] = "/tmp/systemd-inaccessible-XXXXXX";
assert(tmp_dir);
assert(var_tmp_dir);
Path *paths, *p;
unsigned n;
bool need_inaccessible = false;
bool remove_tmp = false, remove_var_tmp = false, remove_inaccessible = false;
int r;
r = create_tmp_dir(tmp_dir_template, 0000, true, tmp_dir);
if (r < 0)
goto fail2;
if (!flags)
flags = MS_SHARED;
r = create_tmp_dir(var_tmp_dir_template, 0000, true, var_tmp_dir);
if (r < 0)
goto fail1;
n =
strv_length(writable) +
strv_length(readable) +
strv_length(inaccessible) +
(private_tmp ? 2 : 0);
return 0;
p = paths = alloca(sizeof(Path) * n);
if ((r = append_paths(&p, writable, READWRITE)) < 0 ||
(r = append_paths(&p, readable, READONLY)) < 0 ||
(r = append_paths(&p, inaccessible, INACCESSIBLE)) < 0)
goto fail;
fail1:
rmdir(*tmp_dir);
free(*tmp_dir);
*tmp_dir = NULL;
if (private_tmp) {
p->path = "/tmp";
p->mode = PRIVATE_TMP;
p++;
fail2:
return r;
}
p->path = "/var/tmp";
p->mode = PRIVATE_VAR_TMP;
p++;
}
int setup_namespace(char** read_write_dirs,
char** read_only_dirs,
char** inaccessible_dirs,
char* tmp_dir,
char* var_tmp_dir,
bool private_tmp,
unsigned mount_flags) {
assert(paths + n == p);
unsigned n = strv_length(read_write_dirs) +
strv_length(read_only_dirs) +
strv_length(inaccessible_dirs) +
(private_tmp ? 2 : 0);
BindMount *m, *mounts;
int r = 0;
qsort(paths, n, sizeof(Path), path_compare);
drop_duplicates(paths, &n, &need_inaccessible);
if (need_inaccessible) {
mode_t u;
char *d;
u = umask(0777);
d = mkdtemp(inaccessible_dir);
umask(u);
if (!d) {
r = -errno;
goto fail;
}
remove_inaccessible = true;
}
if (private_tmp) {
mode_t u;
char *d;
u = umask(0000);
d = mkdtemp(tmp_dir);
umask(u);
if (!d) {
r = -errno;
goto fail;
}
remove_tmp = true;
u = umask(0000);
d = mkdtemp(var_tmp_dir);
umask(u);
if (!d) {
r = -errno;
goto fail;
}
remove_var_tmp = true;
if (chmod(tmp_dir, 0777 + S_ISVTX) < 0) {
r = -errno;
goto fail;
}
if (chmod(var_tmp_dir, 0777 + S_ISVTX) < 0) {
r = -errno;
goto fail;
}
}
if (!mount_flags)
mount_flags = MS_SHARED;
if (unshare(CLONE_NEWNS) < 0) {
r = -errno;
goto fail;
}
m = mounts = (BindMount *) alloca(n * sizeof(BindMount));
if ((r = append_mounts(&m, read_write_dirs, READWRITE)) < 0 ||
(r = append_mounts(&m, read_only_dirs, READONLY)) < 0 ||
(r = append_mounts(&m, inaccessible_dirs, INACCESSIBLE)) < 0)
goto fail;
if (private_tmp) {
m->path = "/tmp";
m->mode = PRIVATE_TMP;
m++;
m->path = "/var/tmp";
m->mode = PRIVATE_VAR_TMP;
m++;
}
assert(mounts + n == m);
qsort(mounts, n, sizeof(BindMount), mount_path_compare);
drop_duplicates(mounts, &n);
/* Remount / as SLAVE so that nothing now mounted in the namespace
shows up in the parent */
if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, MS_SLAVE|MS_REC, NULL) < 0) {
@ -291,20 +253,20 @@ int setup_namespace(
goto fail;
}
for (p = paths; p < paths + n; p++) {
r = apply_mount(p, tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir, inaccessible_dir);
for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
r = apply_mount(m, tmp_dir, var_tmp_dir);
if (r < 0)
goto undo_mounts;
}
for (p = paths; p < paths + n; p++) {
r = make_read_only(p);
for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
r = make_read_only(m);
if (r < 0)
goto undo_mounts;
}
/* Remount / as the desired mode */
if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, flags|MS_REC, NULL) < 0) {
if (mount(NULL, "/", NULL, mount_flags | MS_REC, NULL) < 0) {
r = -errno;
goto undo_mounts;
}
@ -312,19 +274,11 @@ int setup_namespace(
return 0;
undo_mounts:
for (p = paths; p < paths + n; p++)
if (p->done)
umount2(p->path, MNT_DETACH);
for (m = mounts; m < mounts + n; ++m) {
if (m->done)
umount2(m->path, MNT_DETACH);
}
fail:
if (remove_inaccessible)
rmdir(inaccessible_dir);
if (remove_tmp)
rmdir(tmp_dir);
if (remove_var_tmp)
rmdir(var_tmp_dir);
return r;
}

View file

@ -23,9 +23,13 @@
#include <stdbool.h>
int setup_namespace(
char **writable,
char **readable,
char **inaccessible,
bool private_tmp,
unsigned long flags);
typedef struct ExecContext ExecContext;
int setup_tmpdirs(char **tmp_dir, char **var_tmp_dir);
int setup_namespace(char **read_write_dirs,
char **read_only_dirs,
char **inaccessible_dirs,
char *tmp_dir,
char *var_tmp_dir,
bool private_tmp,
unsigned mount_flags);

View file

@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ static void service_done(Unit *u) {
free(s->status_text);
s->status_text = NULL;
exec_context_done(&s->exec_context);
exec_context_done(&s->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
exec_command_free_array(s->exec_command, _SERVICE_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
s->control_command = NULL;
s->main_command = NULL;
@ -1932,6 +1932,9 @@ static void service_enter_dead(Service *s, ServiceResult f, bool allow_restart)
s->forbid_restart = false;
/* we want fresh tmpdirs in case service is started again immediately */
exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&s->exec_context);
return;
fail:
@ -2638,6 +2641,12 @@ static int service_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
dual_timestamp_serialize(f, "watchdog-timestamp",
&s->watchdog_timestamp);
if (s->exec_context.tmp_dir)
unit_serialize_item(u, f, "tmp-dir", s->exec_context.tmp_dir);
if (s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir)
unit_serialize_item(u, f, "var-tmp-dir", s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir);
return 0;
}
@ -2756,7 +2765,23 @@ static int service_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value,
dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->main_exec_status.exit_timestamp);
else if (streq(key, "watchdog-timestamp"))
dual_timestamp_deserialize(value, &s->watchdog_timestamp);
else
else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
s->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
} else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
} else
log_debug_unit(u->id, "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);
return 0;

View file

@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static void socket_done(Unit *u) {
socket_free_ports(s);
exec_context_done(&s->exec_context);
exec_context_done(&s->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
exec_command_free_array(s->exec_command, _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
s->control_command = NULL;
@ -1253,6 +1253,7 @@ static void socket_enter_dead(Socket *s, SocketResult f) {
if (f != SOCKET_SUCCESS)
s->result = f;
exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&s->exec_context);
socket_set_state(s, s->result != SOCKET_SUCCESS ? SOCKET_FAILED : SOCKET_DEAD);
}
@ -1742,6 +1743,8 @@ static int socket_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
}
}
exec_context_serialize(&s->exec_context, UNIT(s), f);
return 0;
}
@ -1901,7 +1904,22 @@ static int socket_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value,
p->fd = fdset_remove(fds, fd);
}
}
} else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
s->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
} else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
} else
log_debug_unit(UNIT(s)->id,
"Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);

View file

@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ static void swap_done(Unit *u) {
free(s->parameters_fragment.what);
s->parameters_fragment.what = NULL;
exec_context_done(&s->exec_context);
exec_context_done(&s->exec_context, manager_is_reloading_or_reexecuting(u->manager));
exec_command_done_array(s->exec_command, _SWAP_EXEC_COMMAND_MAX);
s->control_command = NULL;
@ -632,6 +632,7 @@ static void swap_enter_dead(Swap *s, SwapResult f) {
if (f != SWAP_SUCCESS)
s->result = f;
exec_context_tmp_dirs_done(&s->exec_context);
swap_set_state(s, s->result != SWAP_SUCCESS ? SWAP_FAILED : SWAP_DEAD);
}
@ -831,6 +832,8 @@ static int swap_serialize(Unit *u, FILE *f, FDSet *fds) {
if (s->control_command_id >= 0)
unit_serialize_item(u, f, "control-command", swap_exec_command_to_string(s->control_command_id));
exec_context_serialize(&s->exec_context, UNIT(s), f);
return 0;
}
@ -874,7 +877,22 @@ static int swap_deserialize_item(Unit *u, const char *key, const char *value, FD
s->control_command_id = id;
s->control_command = s->exec_command + id;
}
} else if (streq(key, "tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
s->exec_context.tmp_dir = t;
} else if (streq(key, "var-tmp-dir")) {
char *t;
t = strdup(value);
if (!t)
return log_oom();
s->exec_context.var_tmp_dir = t;
} else
log_debug_unit(u->id, "Unknown serialization key '%s'", key);

View file

@ -5682,3 +5682,47 @@ int search_and_fopen_nulstr(const char *path, const char *mode, const char *sear
return search_and_fopen_internal(path, mode, s, _f);
}
int create_tmp_dir(char template[], mode_t mask, bool need_sticky, char** dir_name) {
int r = 0;
char *d = NULL;
bool remove = false;
mode_t _cleanup_umask_ u;
assert(dir_name);
u = umask(mask);
d = mkdtemp(template);
if (!d) {
r = -errno;
log_debug("Can't create directory");
goto fail;
}
remove = true;
log_debug("Created temporary directory : %s", template);
d = strdup(template);
if (!d) {
r = log_oom();
goto fail;
}
if (need_sticky) {
r = chmod(template, 0777 | S_ISVTX);
if (r < 0) {
r = -errno;
goto fail;
}
log_debug("Setting sticky bit on : %s", template);
}
*dir_name = d;
return 0;
fail:
if (remove)
rmdir(template);
return r;
}

View file

@ -574,6 +574,7 @@ int on_ac_power(void);
int search_and_fopen(const char *path, const char *mode, const char **search, FILE **_f);
int search_and_fopen_nulstr(const char *path, const char *mode, const char *search, FILE **_f);
int create_tmp_dir(char template[], mode_t mask, bool need_sticky, char** dir_name);
#define FOREACH_LINE(line, f, on_error) \
for (;;) \

View file

@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include "namespace.h"
#include "execute.h"
#include "log.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
@ -47,8 +48,19 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
};
int r;
char tmp_dir[] = "/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX",
var_tmp_dir[] = "/var/tmp/systemd-private-XXXXXX";
r = setup_namespace((char**) writable, (char**) readonly, (char**) inaccessible, true, 0);
assert_se(mkdtemp(tmp_dir));
assert_se(mkdtemp(var_tmp_dir));
r = setup_namespace((char **) writable,
(char **) readonly,
(char **) inaccessible,
tmp_dir,
var_tmp_dir,
true,
0);
if (r < 0) {
log_error("Failed to setup namespace: %s", strerror(-r));
return 1;