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4 commits
master ... 0.6-releas

Author SHA1 Message Date
Eelco Dolstra 3e95bb49be * Move this back temporarily. 2004-11-14 15:04:51 +00:00
Eelco Dolstra 84cc89b585 * Tag release 0.6. 2004-11-14 12:58:20 +00:00
Eelco Dolstra ac76ee5088 * Mark stable release. 2004-11-14 12:09:31 +00:00
Eelco Dolstra f8e4f731d4 * Release branch for Nix 0.6. 2004-11-14 12:04:21 +00:00
878 changed files with 20854 additions and 103343 deletions
Show stats Expand all files Collapse all files

16
.dir-locals.el
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@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
((c++-mode . (
(c-file-style . "k&r")
(c-basic-offset . 4)
(indent-tabs-mode . nil)
(tab-width . 4)
(show-trailing-whitespace . t)
(indicate-empty-lines . t)
(eval . (c-set-offset 'innamespace 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'defun-open 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'inline-open 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'arglist-intro '+))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'arglist-cont 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'arglist-cont-nonempty '+))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'substatement-open 0))
(eval . (c-set-offset 'access-label '-))
)))

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.editorconfig
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# EditorConfig configuration for nix
# http://EditorConfig.org
# Top-most EditorConfig file
root = true
# Unix-style newlines with a newline ending every file, utf-8 charset
[*]
end_of_line = lf
insert_final_newline = true
trim_trailing_whitespace = true
charset = utf-8
# Match nix files, set indent to spaces with width of two
[*.nix]
indent_style = space
indent_size = 2
# Match c++/shell/perl, set indent to spaces with width of four
[*.{hpp,cc,hh,sh,pl}]
indent_style = space
indent_size = 4
# Match diffs, avoid to trim trailing whitespace
[*.{diff,patch}]
trim_trailing_whitespace = false

27
.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE.md vendored
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@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
<!--
# Filing a Nix issue
*WAIT* Are you sure you're filing your issue in the right repository?
We appreciate you taking the time to tell us about issues you encounter, but routing the issue to the right place will get you help sooner and save everyone time.
This is the Nix repository, and issues here should be about Nix the build and package management *_tool_*.
If you have a problem with a specific package on NixOS or when using Nix, you probably want to file an issue with _nixpkgs_, whose issue tracker is over at https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues.
Examples of _Nix_ issues:
- Nix segfaults when I run `nix-build -A blahblah`
- The Nix language needs a new builtin: `builtins.foobar`
- Regression in the behavior of `nix-env` in Nix 2.0
Examples of _nixpkgs_ issues:
- glibc is b0rked on aarch64
- chromium in NixOS doesn't support U2F but google-chrome does!
- The OpenJDK package on macOS is missing a key component
Chances are if you're a newcomer to the Nix world, you'll probably want the [nixpkgs tracker](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues). It also gets a lot more eyeball traffic so you'll probably get a response a lot more quickly.
-->

119
.gitignore vendored
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Makefile.config
perl/Makefile.config
# /
/aclocal.m4
/autom4te.cache
/config.*
/configure
/nix.spec
/stamp-h1
/svn-revision
/libtool
/corepkgs/config.nix
# /corepkgs/channels/
/corepkgs/channels/unpack.sh
# /corepkgs/nar/
/corepkgs/nar/nar.sh
/corepkgs/nar/unnar.sh
# /doc/manual/
/doc/manual/manual.html
/doc/manual/manual.xmli
/doc/manual/manual.pdf
/doc/manual/manual.is-valid
/doc/manual/*.1
/doc/manual/*.5
/doc/manual/*.8
/doc/manual/version.txt
# /scripts/
/scripts/nix-profile.sh
/scripts/nix-copy-closure
/scripts/nix-reduce-build
/scripts/nix-http-export.cgi
/scripts/nix-profile-daemon.sh
# /src/libexpr/
/src/libexpr/lexer-tab.cc
/src/libexpr/lexer-tab.hh
/src/libexpr/parser-tab.cc
/src/libexpr/parser-tab.hh
/src/libexpr/parser-tab.output
/src/libexpr/nix.tbl
# /src/libstore/
/src/libstore/*.gen.hh
/src/nix/nix
# /src/nix-env/
/src/nix-env/nix-env
# /src/nix-instantiate/
/src/nix-instantiate/nix-instantiate
# /src/nix-store/
/src/nix-store/nix-store
/src/nix-prefetch-url/nix-prefetch-url
# /src/nix-daemon/
/src/nix-daemon/nix-daemon
/src/nix-collect-garbage/nix-collect-garbage
# /src/nix-channel/
/src/nix-channel/nix-channel
# /src/nix-build/
/src/nix-build/nix-build
/src/nix-copy-closure/nix-copy-closure
/src/build-remote/build-remote
# /tests/
/tests/test-tmp
/tests/common.sh
/tests/dummy
/tests/result*
/tests/restricted-innocent
/tests/shell
/tests/shell.drv
# /tests/lang/
/tests/lang/*.out
/tests/lang/*.out.xml
/tests/lang/*.ast
/perl/lib/Nix/Config.pm
/perl/lib/Nix/Store.cc
/misc/systemd/nix-daemon.service
/misc/systemd/nix-daemon.socket
/misc/upstart/nix-daemon.conf
/src/resolve-system-dependencies/resolve-system-dependencies
inst/
*.a
*.o
*.so
*.dylib
*.dll
*.exe
*.dep
*~
*.pc
*.plist
# GNU Global
GPATH
GRTAGS
GSYMS
GTAGS

2
.travis.yml
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os: osx
script: ./tests/install-darwin.sh

1
.version
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@ -1 +0,0 @@
2.4

8
AUTHORS Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
The following people contributed to Nix, in alphabetical order:
Martin Bravenboer
Eelco Dolstra
Niels Janssen
Armijn Hemel
Rob Vermaas
Eelco Visser

640
COPYING
View file

@ -1,397 +1,221 @@
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Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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0
tests/lang/eval-okay-hash.exp → ChangeLog
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229
INSTALL Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives
unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.
Basic Installation
==================
These are generic installation instructions.
The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package.
It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent
definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that
you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a
file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
debugging `configure').
It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache'
and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves
the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. (Caching is
disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale
cache files.)
If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try
to figure out how `configure' could check whether to do them, and mail
diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' so they can
be considered for the next release. If you are using the cache, and at
some point `config.cache' contains results you don't want to keep, you
may remove or edit it.
The file `configure.ac' (or `configure.in') is used to create
`configure' by a program called `autoconf'. You only need
`configure.ac' if you want to change it or regenerate `configure' using
a newer version of `autoconf'.
The simplest way to compile this package is:
1. `cd' to the directory containing the package's source code and type
`./configure' to configure the package for your system. If you're
using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type
`sh ./configure' instead to prevent `csh' from trying to execute
`configure' itself.
Running `configure' takes awhile. While running, it prints some
messages telling which features it is checking for.
2. Type `make' to compile the package.
3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with
the package.
4. Type `make install' to install the programs and any data files and
documentation.
5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the
source code directory by typing `make clean'. To also remove the
files that `configure' created (so you can compile the package for
a different kind of computer), type `make distclean'. There is
also a `make maintainer-clean' target, but that is intended mainly
for the package's developers. If you use it, you may have to get
all sorts of other programs in order to regenerate files that came
with the distribution.
Compilers and Options
=====================
Some systems require unusual options for compilation or linking that
the `configure' script does not know about. Run `./configure --help'
for details on some of the pertinent environment variables.
You can give `configure' initial values for configuration parameters
by setting variables in the command line or in the environment. Here
is an example:
./configure CC=c89 CFLAGS=-O2 LIBS=-lposix
*Note Defining Variables::, for more details.
Compiling For Multiple Architectures
====================================
You can compile the package for more than one kind of computer at the
same time, by placing the object files for each architecture in their
own directory. To do this, you must use a version of `make' that
supports the `VPATH' variable, such as GNU `make'. `cd' to the
directory where you want the object files and executables to go and run
the `configure' script. `configure' automatically checks for the
source code in the directory that `configure' is in and in `..'.
If you have to use a `make' that does not support the `VPATH'
variable, you have to compile the package for one architecture at a
time in the source code directory. After you have installed the
package for one architecture, use `make distclean' before reconfiguring
for another architecture.
Installation Names
==================
By default, `make install' will install the package's files in
`/usr/local/bin', `/usr/local/man', etc. You can specify an
installation prefix other than `/usr/local' by giving `configure' the
option `--prefix=PATH'.
You can specify separate installation prefixes for
architecture-specific files and architecture-independent files. If you
give `configure' the option `--exec-prefix=PATH', the package will use
PATH as the prefix for installing programs and libraries.
Documentation and other data files will still use the regular prefix.
In addition, if you use an unusual directory layout you can give
options like `--bindir=PATH' to specify different values for particular
kinds of files. Run `configure --help' for a list of the directories
you can set and what kinds of files go in them.
If the package supports it, you can cause programs to be installed
with an extra prefix or suffix on their names by giving `configure' the
option `--program-prefix=PREFIX' or `--program-suffix=SUFFIX'.
Optional Features
=================
Some packages pay attention to `--enable-FEATURE' options to
`configure', where FEATURE indicates an optional part of the package.
They may also pay attention to `--with-PACKAGE' options, where PACKAGE
is something like `gnu-as' or `x' (for the X Window System). The
`README' should mention any `--enable-' and `--with-' options that the
package recognizes.
For packages that use the X Window System, `configure' can usually
find the X include and library files automatically, but if it doesn't,
you can use the `configure' options `--x-includes=DIR' and
`--x-libraries=DIR' to specify their locations.
Specifying the System Type
==========================
There may be some features `configure' cannot figure out
automatically, but needs to determine by the type of machine the package
will run on. Usually, assuming the package is built to be run on the
_same_ architectures, `configure' can figure that out, but if it prints
a message saying it cannot guess the machine type, give it the
`--build=TYPE' option. TYPE can either be a short name for the system
type, such as `sun4', or a canonical name which has the form:
CPU-COMPANY-SYSTEM
where SYSTEM can have one of these forms:
OS KERNEL-OS
See the file `config.sub' for the possible values of each field. If
`config.sub' isn't included in this package, then this package doesn't
need to know the machine type.
If you are _building_ compiler tools for cross-compiling, you should
use the `--target=TYPE' option to select the type of system they will
produce code for.
If you want to _use_ a cross compiler, that generates code for a
platform different from the build platform, you should specify the
"host" platform (i.e., that on which the generated programs will
eventually be run) with `--host=TYPE'.
Sharing Defaults
================
If you want to set default values for `configure' scripts to share,
you can create a site shell script called `config.site' that gives
default values for variables like `CC', `cache_file', and `prefix'.
`configure' looks for `PREFIX/share/config.site' if it exists, then
`PREFIX/etc/config.site' if it exists. Or, you can set the
`CONFIG_SITE' environment variable to the location of the site script.
A warning: not all `configure' scripts look for a site script.
Defining Variables
==================
Variables not defined in a site shell script can be set in the
environment passed to `configure'. However, some packages may run
configure again during the build, and the customized values of these
variables may be lost. In order to avoid this problem, you should set
them in the `configure' command line, using `VAR=value'. For example:
./configure CC=/usr/local2/bin/gcc
will cause the specified gcc to be used as the C compiler (unless it is
overridden in the site shell script).
`configure' Invocation
======================
`configure' recognizes the following options to control how it
operates.
`--help'
`-h'
Print a summary of the options to `configure', and exit.
`--version'
`-V'
Print the version of Autoconf used to generate the `configure'
script, and exit.
`--cache-file=FILE'
Enable the cache: use and save the results of the tests in FILE,
traditionally `config.cache'. FILE defaults to `/dev/null' to
disable caching.
`--config-cache'
`-C'
Alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'.
`--quiet'
`--silent'
`-q'
Do not print messages saying which checks are being made. To
suppress all normal output, redirect it to `/dev/null' (any error
messages will still be shown).
`--srcdir=DIR'
Look for the package's source code in directory DIR. Usually
`configure' can determine that directory automatically.
`configure' also accepts some other, not widely useful, options. Run
`configure --help' for more details.

22
Makefile
View file

@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
makefiles = \
local.mk \
src/libutil/local.mk \
src/libstore/local.mk \
src/libmain/local.mk \
src/libexpr/local.mk \
src/nix/local.mk \
src/resolve-system-dependencies/local.mk \
scripts/local.mk \
corepkgs/local.mk \
misc/systemd/local.mk \
misc/launchd/local.mk \
misc/upstart/local.mk \
doc/manual/local.mk \
tests/local.mk \
tests/plugins/local.mk
GLOBAL_CXXFLAGS += -g -Wall -include config.h
-include Makefile.config
include mk/lib.mk

38
Makefile.am Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
SUBDIRS = externals src scripts corepkgs doc misc tests
EXTRA_DIST = substitute.mk nix.spec nix.spec.in bootstrap.sh svn-revision
include ./substitute.mk
nix.spec: nix.spec.in
rpm: nix.spec dist
rpm $(EXTRA_RPM_FLAGS) -ta $(distdir).tar.gz
relname:
echo -n $(distdir) > relname
install-data-local: init-state
if INIT_STATE
if SETUID_HACK
INIT_FLAGS = -g @NIX_GROUP@ -o @NIX_USER@
GROUP_WRITABLE = -m 775
endif
init-state:
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) -d $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) -d $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix/db
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) -d $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/log/nix
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) -d $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix/profiles
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) -d $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix/gcroots
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) $(GROUP_WRITABLE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix/gcroots/tmp
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) $(GROUP_WRITABLE) -d $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix/gcroots/channels
rm -f $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix/gcroots/profiles
ln -s $(localstatedir)/nix/profiles $(DESTDIR)$(localstatedir)/nix/gcroots/profiles
$(INSTALL) $(INIT_FLAGS) -d $(DESTDIR)$(prefix)/store
# $(bindir)/nix-store --init
else
init-state:
endif
svn-revision:
svnversion . > svn-revision

41
Makefile.config.in
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@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
AR = @AR@
BDW_GC_LIBS = @BDW_GC_LIBS@
BUILD_SHARED_LIBS = @BUILD_SHARED_LIBS@
CC = @CC@
CFLAGS = @CFLAGS@
CXX = @CXX@
CXXFLAGS = @CXXFLAGS@
LDFLAGS = @LDFLAGS@
ENABLE_S3 = @ENABLE_S3@
HAVE_SODIUM = @HAVE_SODIUM@
HAVE_SECCOMP = @HAVE_SECCOMP@
BOOST_LDFLAGS = @BOOST_LDFLAGS@
LIBCURL_LIBS = @LIBCURL_LIBS@
OPENSSL_LIBS = @OPENSSL_LIBS@
PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@
PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
SODIUM_LIBS = @SODIUM_LIBS@
LIBLZMA_LIBS = @LIBLZMA_LIBS@
SQLITE3_LIBS = @SQLITE3_LIBS@
LIBBROTLI_LIBS = @LIBBROTLI_LIBS@
EDITLINE_LIBS = @EDITLINE_LIBS@
bash = @bash@
bindir = @bindir@
lsof = @lsof@
datadir = @datadir@
datarootdir = @datarootdir@
docdir = @docdir@
exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
includedir = @includedir@
libdir = @libdir@
libexecdir = @libexecdir@
localstatedir = @localstatedir@
mandir = @mandir@
pkglibdir = $(libdir)/$(PACKAGE_NAME)
prefix = @prefix@
sandbox_shell = @sandbox_shell@
storedir = @storedir@
sysconfdir = @sysconfdir@
doc_generate = @doc_generate@
xmllint = @xmllint@
xsltproc = @xsltproc@

69
NEWS Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
Version 0.6
Major changes include the following:
* Rewrite of the normalisation engine.
* Multiple builds can now be performed in parallel (option `-j').
* Distributed builds. Nix can now call a shell script to forward
builds to Nix installations on remote machines, which may or may
not be of the same platform type.
* Option `--fallback' allows recovery from broken substitutes.
* Option `--keep-going' causes building of other (unaffected)
derivations to continue if one failed.
* Improvements to the garbage collector (i.e., it should actually work
now).
* Setuid Nix installations allow a Nix store to be shared among
multiple users.
* Substitute registration is much faster now.
* A utility `nix-build' to build a Nix expression and create a symlink
to the result int the current directory; useful for testing Nix
derivations.
* Manual updates.
* `nix-env' changes:
* Derivations for other platforms are filtered out (which can be
overriden using `--system-filter').
* `--install' by default now uninstall previous derivations with the
same name.
* `--upgrade' allows upgrading to a specific version.
* New operation `--delete-generations' to remove profile
generations (necessary for effective garbage collection).
* Nicer output (sorted, columnised).
* More sensible verbosity levels all around (builder output is now
shown always, unless `-Q' is given).
* Nix expression language changes:
* New language construct: `with E1; E2' brings all attributes
defined in the attribute set E1 in scope in E2.
* Added a `map' function.
* Various new operators (e.g., string concatenation).
* Expression evaluation is much faster.
* An Emacs mode for editing Nix expressions (with syntax highlighting
and indentation) has been added.
* Many bug fixes.
Version 0.5 and earlier
Please refer to the Subversion commit log messages.

5
README Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
*** Nix ***
For installation and usage instructions, please read the manual, which
can be found in `docs/manual/manual.html', and additionally at the Nix
website at <http://www.cs.uu.nl/groups/ST/Trace/Nix>.

24
README.md
View file

@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
[![Open Collective supporters](https://opencollective.com/nixos/tiers/supporter/badge.svg?label=Supporters&color=brightgreen)](https://opencollective.com/nixos)
Nix, the purely functional package manager
------------------------------------------
Nix is a new take on package management that is fairly unique. Because of its
purity aspects, a lot of issues found in traditional package managers don't
appear with Nix.
To find out more about the tool, usage and installation instructions, please
read the manual, which is available on the Nix website at
<http://nixos.org/nix/manual>.
## Contributing
Take a look at the [Hacking Section](http://nixos.org/nix/manual/#chap-hacking)
of the manual. It helps you to get started with building Nix from source.
## License
Nix is released under the LGPL v2.1
This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for
use in the [OpenSSL Toolkit](http://www.OpenSSL.org/).

7
bootstrap.sh
View file

@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
#! /bin/sh -e
rm -f aclocal.m4
mkdir -p config
exec autoreconf -vfi
aclocal
autoheader
automake --add-missing --copy
autoconf

1486
config/config.guess vendored
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load diff

1818
config/config.sub vendored
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File diff suppressed because it is too large Load diff

527
config/install-sh
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@ -1,527 +0,0 @@
#!/bin/sh
# install - install a program, script, or datafile
scriptversion=2011-11-20.07; # UTC
# This originates from X11R5 (mit/util/scripts/install.sh), which was
# later released in X11R6 (xc/config/util/install.sh) with the
# following copyright and license.
#
# Copyright (C) 1994 X Consortium
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
# deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
# rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
# sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# X CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
# AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNEC-
# TION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
# Except as contained in this notice, the name of the X Consortium shall not
# be used in advertising or otherwise to promote the sale, use or other deal-
# ings in this Software without prior written authorization from the X Consor-
# tium.
#
#
# FSF changes to this file are in the public domain.
#
# Calling this script install-sh is preferred over install.sh, to prevent
# 'make' implicit rules from creating a file called install from it
# when there is no Makefile.
#
# This script is compatible with the BSD install script, but was written
# from scratch.
nl='
'
IFS=" "" $nl"
# set DOITPROG to echo to test this script
# Don't use :- since 4.3BSD and earlier shells don't like it.
doit=${DOITPROG-}
if test -z "$doit"; then
doit_exec=exec
else
doit_exec=$doit
fi
# Put in absolute file names if you don't have them in your path;
# or use environment vars.
chgrpprog=${CHGRPPROG-chgrp}
chmodprog=${CHMODPROG-chmod}
chownprog=${CHOWNPROG-chown}
cmpprog=${CMPPROG-cmp}
cpprog=${CPPROG-cp}
mkdirprog=${MKDIRPROG-mkdir}
mvprog=${MVPROG-mv}
rmprog=${RMPROG-rm}
stripprog=${STRIPPROG-strip}
posix_glob='?'
initialize_posix_glob='
test "$posix_glob" != "?" || {
if (set -f) 2>/dev/null; then
posix_glob=
else
posix_glob=:
fi
}
'
posix_mkdir=
# Desired mode of installed file.
mode=0755
chgrpcmd=
chmodcmd=$chmodprog
chowncmd=
mvcmd=$mvprog
rmcmd="$rmprog -f"
stripcmd=
src=
dst=
dir_arg=
dst_arg=
copy_on_change=false
no_target_directory=
usage="\
Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [-T] SRCFILE DSTFILE
or: $0 [OPTION]... SRCFILES... DIRECTORY
or: $0 [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SRCFILES...
or: $0 [OPTION]... -d DIRECTORIES...
In the 1st form, copy SRCFILE to DSTFILE.
In the 2nd and 3rd, copy all SRCFILES to DIRECTORY.
In the 4th, create DIRECTORIES.
Options:
--help display this help and exit.
--version display version info and exit.
-c (ignored)
-C install only if different (preserve the last data modification time)
-d create directories instead of installing files.
-g GROUP $chgrpprog installed files to GROUP.
-m MODE $chmodprog installed files to MODE.
-o USER $chownprog installed files to USER.
-s $stripprog installed files.
-t DIRECTORY install into DIRECTORY.
-T report an error if DSTFILE is a directory.
Environment variables override the default commands:
CHGRPPROG CHMODPROG CHOWNPROG CMPPROG CPPROG MKDIRPROG MVPROG
RMPROG STRIPPROG
"
while test $# -ne 0; do
case $1 in
-c) ;;
-C) copy_on_change=true;;
-d) dir_arg=true;;
-g) chgrpcmd="$chgrpprog $2"
shift;;
--help) echo "$usage"; exit $?;;
-m) mode=$2
case $mode in
*' '* | *' '* | *'
'* | *'*'* | *'?'* | *'['*)
echo "$0: invalid mode: $mode" >&2
exit 1;;
esac
shift;;
-o) chowncmd="$chownprog $2"
shift;;
-s) stripcmd=$stripprog;;
-t) dst_arg=$2
# Protect names problematic for 'test' and other utilities.
case $dst_arg in
-* | [=\(\)!]) dst_arg=./$dst_arg;;
esac
shift;;
-T) no_target_directory=true;;
--version) echo "$0 $scriptversion"; exit $?;;
--) shift
break;;
-*) echo "$0: invalid option: $1" >&2
exit 1;;
*) break;;
esac
shift
done
if test $# -ne 0 && test -z "$dir_arg$dst_arg"; then
# When -d is used, all remaining arguments are directories to create.
# When -t is used, the destination is already specified.
# Otherwise, the last argument is the destination. Remove it from $@.
for arg
do
if test -n "$dst_arg"; then
# $@ is not empty: it contains at least $arg.
set fnord "$@" "$dst_arg"
shift # fnord
fi
shift # arg
dst_arg=$arg
# Protect names problematic for 'test' and other utilities.
case $dst_arg in
-* | [=\(\)!]) dst_arg=./$dst_arg;;
esac
done
fi
if test $# -eq 0; then
if test -z "$dir_arg"; then
echo "$0: no input file specified." >&2
exit 1
fi
# It's OK to call 'install-sh -d' without argument.
# This can happen when creating conditional directories.
exit 0
fi
if test -z "$dir_arg"; then
do_exit='(exit $ret); exit $ret'
trap "ret=129; $do_exit" 1
trap "ret=130; $do_exit" 2
trap "ret=141; $do_exit" 13
trap "ret=143; $do_exit" 15
# Set umask so as not to create temps with too-generous modes.
# However, 'strip' requires both read and write access to temps.
case $mode in
# Optimize common cases.
*644) cp_umask=133;;
*755) cp_umask=22;;
*[0-7])
if test -z "$stripcmd"; then
u_plus_rw=
else
u_plus_rw='% 200'
fi
cp_umask=`expr '(' 777 - $mode % 1000 ')' $u_plus_rw`;;
*)
if test -z "$stripcmd"; then
u_plus_rw=
else
u_plus_rw=,u+rw
fi
cp_umask=$mode$u_plus_rw;;
esac
fi
for src
do
# Protect names problematic for 'test' and other utilities.
case $src in
-* | [=\(\)!]) src=./$src;;
esac
if test -n "$dir_arg"; then
dst=$src
dstdir=$dst
test -d "$dstdir"
dstdir_status=$?
else
# Waiting for this to be detected by the "$cpprog $src $dsttmp" command
# might cause directories to be created, which would be especially bad
# if $src (and thus $dsttmp) contains '*'.
if test ! -f "$src" && test ! -d "$src"; then
echo "$0: $src does not exist." >&2
exit 1
fi
if test -z "$dst_arg"; then
echo "$0: no destination specified." >&2
exit 1
fi
dst=$dst_arg
# If destination is a directory, append the input filename; won't work
# if double slashes aren't ignored.
if test -d "$dst"; then
if test -n "$no_target_directory"; then
echo "$0: $dst_arg: Is a directory" >&2
exit 1
fi
dstdir=$dst
dst=$dstdir/`basename "$src"`
dstdir_status=0
else
# Prefer dirname, but fall back on a substitute if dirname fails.
dstdir=`
(dirname "$dst") 2>/dev/null ||
expr X"$dst" : 'X\(.*[^/]\)//*[^/][^/]*/*$' \| \
X"$dst" : 'X\(//\)[^/]' \| \
X"$dst" : 'X\(//\)$' \| \
X"$dst" : 'X\(/\)' \| . 2>/dev/null ||
echo X"$dst" |
sed '/^X\(.*[^/]\)\/\/*[^/][^/]*\/*$/{
s//\1/
q
}
/^X\(\/\/\)[^/].*/{
s//\1/
q
}
/^X\(\/\/\)$/{
s//\1/
q
}
/^X\(\/\).*/{
s//\1/
q
}
s/.*/./; q'
`
test -d "$dstdir"
dstdir_status=$?
fi
fi
obsolete_mkdir_used=false
if test $dstdir_status != 0; then
case $posix_mkdir in
'')
# Create intermediate dirs using mode 755 as modified by the umask.
# This is like FreeBSD 'install' as of 1997-10-28.
umask=`umask`
case $stripcmd.$umask in
# Optimize common cases.
*[2367][2367]) mkdir_umask=$umask;;
.*0[02][02] | .[02][02] | .[02]) mkdir_umask=22;;
*[0-7])
mkdir_umask=`expr $umask + 22 \
- $umask % 100 % 40 + $umask % 20 \
- $umask % 10 % 4 + $umask % 2
`;;
*) mkdir_umask=$umask,go-w;;
esac
# With -d, create the new directory with the user-specified mode.
# Otherwise, rely on $mkdir_umask.
if test -n "$dir_arg"; then
mkdir_mode=-m$mode
else
mkdir_mode=
fi
posix_mkdir=false
case $umask in
*[123567][0-7][0-7])
# POSIX mkdir -p sets u+wx bits regardless of umask, which
# is incompatible with FreeBSD 'install' when (umask & 300) != 0.
;;
*)
tmpdir=${TMPDIR-/tmp}/ins$RANDOM-$$
trap 'ret=$?; rmdir "$tmpdir/d" "$tmpdir" 2>/dev/null; exit $ret' 0
if (umask $mkdir_umask &&
exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$tmpdir/d") >/dev/null 2>&1
then
if test -z "$dir_arg" || {
# Check for POSIX incompatibilities with -m.
# HP-UX 11.23 and IRIX 6.5 mkdir -m -p sets group- or
# other-writable bit of parent directory when it shouldn't.
# FreeBSD 6.1 mkdir -m -p sets mode of existing directory.
ls_ld_tmpdir=`ls -ld "$tmpdir"`
case $ls_ld_tmpdir in
d????-?r-*) different_mode=700;;
d????-?--*) different_mode=755;;
*) false;;
esac &&
$mkdirprog -m$different_mode -p -- "$tmpdir" && {
ls_ld_tmpdir_1=`ls -ld "$tmpdir"`
test "$ls_ld_tmpdir" = "$ls_ld_tmpdir_1"
}
}
then posix_mkdir=:
fi
rmdir "$tmpdir/d" "$tmpdir"
else
# Remove any dirs left behind by ancient mkdir implementations.
rmdir ./$mkdir_mode ./-p ./-- 2>/dev/null
fi
trap '' 0;;
esac;;
esac
if
$posix_mkdir && (
umask $mkdir_umask &&
$doit_exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$dstdir"
)
then :
else
# The umask is ridiculous, or mkdir does not conform to POSIX,
# or it failed possibly due to a race condition. Create the
# directory the slow way, step by step, checking for races as we go.
case $dstdir in
/*) prefix='/';;
[-=\(\)!]*) prefix='./';;
*) prefix='';;
esac
eval "$initialize_posix_glob"
oIFS=$IFS
IFS=/
$posix_glob set -f
set fnord $dstdir
shift
$posix_glob set +f
IFS=$oIFS
prefixes=
for d
do
test X"$d" = X && continue
prefix=$prefix$d
if test -d "$prefix"; then
prefixes=
else
if $posix_mkdir; then
(umask=$mkdir_umask &&
$doit_exec $mkdirprog $mkdir_mode -p -- "$dstdir") && break
# Don't fail if two instances are running concurrently.
test -d "$prefix" || exit 1
else
case $prefix in
*\'*) qprefix=`echo "$prefix" | sed "s/'/'\\\\\\\\''/g"`;;
*) qprefix=$prefix;;
esac
prefixes="$prefixes '$qprefix'"
fi
fi
prefix=$prefix/
done
if test -n "$prefixes"; then
# Don't fail if two instances are running concurrently.
(umask $mkdir_umask &&
eval "\$doit_exec \$mkdirprog $prefixes") ||
test -d "$dstdir" || exit 1
obsolete_mkdir_used=true
fi
fi
fi
if test -n "$dir_arg"; then
{ test -z "$chowncmd" || $doit $chowncmd "$dst"; } &&
{ test -z "$chgrpcmd" || $doit $chgrpcmd "$dst"; } &&
{ test "$obsolete_mkdir_used$chowncmd$chgrpcmd" = false ||
test -z "$chmodcmd" || $doit $chmodcmd $mode "$dst"; } || exit 1
else
# Make a couple of temp file names in the proper directory.
dsttmp=$dstdir/_inst.$$_
rmtmp=$dstdir/_rm.$$_
# Trap to clean up those temp files at exit.
trap 'ret=$?; rm -f "$dsttmp" "$rmtmp" && exit $ret' 0
# Copy the file name to the temp name.
(umask $cp_umask && $doit_exec $cpprog "$src" "$dsttmp") &&
# and set any options; do chmod last to preserve setuid bits.
#
# If any of these fail, we abort the whole thing. If we want to
# ignore errors from any of these, just make sure not to ignore
# errors from the above "$doit $cpprog $src $dsttmp" command.
#
{ test -z "$chowncmd" || $doit $chowncmd "$dsttmp"; } &&
{ test -z "$chgrpcmd" || $doit $chgrpcmd "$dsttmp"; } &&
{ test -z "$stripcmd" || $doit $stripcmd "$dsttmp"; } &&
{ test -z "$chmodcmd" || $doit $chmodcmd $mode "$dsttmp"; } &&
# If -C, don't bother to copy if it wouldn't change the file.
if $copy_on_change &&
old=`LC_ALL=C ls -dlL "$dst" 2>/dev/null` &&
new=`LC_ALL=C ls -dlL "$dsttmp" 2>/dev/null` &&
eval "$initialize_posix_glob" &&
$posix_glob set -f &&
set X $old && old=:$2:$4:$5:$6 &&
set X $new && new=:$2:$4:$5:$6 &&
$posix_glob set +f &&
test "$old" = "$new" &&
$cmpprog "$dst" "$dsttmp" >/dev/null 2>&1
then
rm -f "$dsttmp"
else
# Rename the file to the real destination.
$doit $mvcmd -f "$dsttmp" "$dst" 2>/dev/null ||
# The rename failed, perhaps because mv can't rename something else
# to itself, or perhaps because mv is so ancient that it does not
# support -f.
{
# Now remove or move aside any old file at destination location.
# We try this two ways since rm can't unlink itself on some
# systems and the destination file might be busy for other
# reasons. In this case, the final cleanup might fail but the new
# file should still install successfully.
{
test ! -f "$dst" ||
$doit $rmcmd -f "$dst" 2>/dev/null ||
{ $doit $mvcmd -f "$dst" "$rmtmp" 2>/dev/null &&
{ $doit $rmcmd -f "$rmtmp" 2>/dev/null; :; }
} ||
{ echo "$0: cannot unlink or rename $dst" >&2
(exit 1); exit 1
}
} &&
# Now rename the file to the real destination.
$doit $mvcmd "$dsttmp" "$dst"
}
fi || exit 1
trap '' 0
fi
done
# Local variables:
# eval: (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'time-stamp)
# time-stamp-start: "scriptversion="
# time-stamp-format: "%:y-%02m-%02d.%02H"
# time-stamp-time-zone: "UTC"
# time-stamp-end: "; # UTC"
# End:

401
configure.ac
View file

@ -1,77 +1,52 @@
AC_INIT(nix, m4_esyscmd([bash -c "echo -n $(cat ./.version)$VERSION_SUFFIX"]))
AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIRS([m4])
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(README.md)
AC_INIT(nix, "0.6")
AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR(README)
AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR(config)
AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
AC_PROG_SED
# Change to `1' to produce a `stable' release (i.e., the `preREVISION'
# suffix is not added).
STABLE=1
# Put the revision number in the version.
if test "$STABLE" != "1"; then
if REVISION=`test -d $srcdir/.svn && svnversion $srcdir 2> /dev/null`; then
VERSION="${VERSION}pre${REVISION}"
elif REVISION=`cat $srcdir/svn-revision 2> /dev/null`; then
VERSION="${VERSION}pre${REVISION}"
fi
fi
AC_PREFIX_DEFAULT(/nix)
AC_CANONICAL_HOST
# Construct a Nix system name (like "i686-linux").
AC_CANONICAL_HOST
AC_MSG_CHECKING([for the canonical Nix system name])
cpu_name=$(uname -p | tr 'A-Z ' 'a-z_')
machine_name=$(uname -m | tr 'A-Z ' 'a-z_')
AC_ARG_WITH(system, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-system=SYSTEM],
[Platform identifier (e.g., `i686-linux').]),
[system=$withval],
[case "$host_cpu" in
i*86)
machine_name="i686";;
amd64)
machine_name="x86_64";;
armv6|armv7)
machine_name="${host_cpu}l";;
*)
machine_name="$host_cpu";;
esac
case "$host_os" in
linux-gnu*|linux-musl*)
# For backward compatibility, strip the `-gnu' part.
system="$machine_name-linux";;
*)
# Strip the version number from names such as `gnu0.3',
# `darwin10.2.0', etc.
system="$machine_name-`echo $host_os | "$SED" -e's/@<:@0-9.@:>@*$//g'`";;
esac])
sys_name=$(uname -s | tr 'A-Z ' 'a-z_')
case $sys_name in
cygwin*)
sys_name=cygwin
case $machine_name in
i*86)
machine_name=i686
;;
*)
if test "$cpu_name" != "unknown"; then
machine_name=$cpu_name
fi
;;
esac
sys_name=$(uname -s | tr 'A-Z ' 'a-z_')
AC_ARG_WITH(system, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-system=SYSTEM],
[platform identifier (e.g., `i686-linux')]),
system=$withval, system="${machine_name}-${sys_name}")
AC_MSG_RESULT($system)
AC_SUBST(system)
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SYSTEM, ["$system"], [platform identifier ('cpu-os')])
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SYSTEM, ["$system"], [platform identifier (`cpu-os')])
# State should be stored in /nix/var, unless the user overrides it explicitly.
test "$localstatedir" = '${prefix}/var' && localstatedir=/nix/var
# Set default flags for nix (as per AC_PROG_CC/CXX docs),
# while still allowing the user to override them from the command line.
: ${CFLAGS="-O3"}
: ${CXXFLAGS="-O3"}
AC_PROG_CC
AC_PROG_CXX
AC_PROG_CPP
AX_CXX_COMPILE_STDCXX_17([noext], [mandatory])
AC_CHECK_TOOL([AR], [ar])
# Use 64-bit file system calls so that we can support files > 2 GiB.
AC_SYS_LARGEFILE
# Solaris-specific stuff.
AC_STRUCT_DIRENT_D_TYPE
if test "$sys_name" = sunos; then
# Solaris requires -lsocket -lnsl for network functions
LIBS="-lsocket -lnsl $LIBS"
fi
AC_PROG_RANLIB
# Check for pubsetbuf.
AC_MSG_CHECKING([for pubsetbuf])
@ -80,37 +55,15 @@ AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
static char buf[1024];]],
[[cerr.rdbuf()->pubsetbuf(buf, sizeof(buf));]])],
[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes) AC_DEFINE(HAVE_PUBSETBUF, 1, [Whether pubsetbuf is available.])],
[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes) AC_DEFINE(HAVE_PUBSETBUF, 1, [whether pubsetbuf is available])],
AC_MSG_RESULT(no))
AC_LANG_POP(C++)
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([statvfs pipe2])
# Check for lutimes, optionally used for changing the mtime of
# symlinks.
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([lutimes])
# Check whether the store optimiser can optimise symlinks.
AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether it is possible to create a link to a symlink])
ln -s bla tmp_link
if ln tmp_link tmp_link2 2> /dev/null; then
AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
AC_DEFINE(CAN_LINK_SYMLINK, 1, [Whether link() works on symlinks.])
else
AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
fi
rm -f tmp_link tmp_link2
# Check for <locale>.
# Check for <locale>
AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([locale])
AC_LANG_POP(C++)
AC_DEFUN([NEED_PROG],
[
AC_PATH_PROG($1, $2)
@ -119,198 +72,134 @@ if test -z "$$1"; then
fi
])
NEED_PROG(bash, bash)
NEED_PROG(patch, patch)
NEED_PROG(curl, curl)
NEED_PROG(bzip2, bzip2)
NEED_PROG(bunzip2, bunzip2)
NEED_PROG(shell, sh)
AC_PATH_PROG(xmllint, xmllint, false)
AC_PATH_PROG(xsltproc, xsltproc, false)
AC_PATH_PROG(flex, flex, false)
AC_PATH_PROG(bison, bison, false)
NEED_PROG(sed, sed)
NEED_PROG(tar, tar)
NEED_PROG(bzip2, bzip2)
NEED_PROG(gzip, gzip)
NEED_PROG(xz, xz)
AC_PATH_PROG(dot, dot)
AC_PATH_PROG(lsof, lsof, lsof)
NEED_PROG(perl, perl)
AC_ARG_WITH(docbook-catalog, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-docbook-catalog=PATH],
[path of the DocBook XML DTD]),
docbookcatalog=$withval, docbookcatalog=/docbook-dtd-missing)
AC_SUBST(docbookcatalog)
NEED_PROG(cat, cat)
NEED_PROG(tr, tr)
AC_ARG_WITH(coreutils-bin, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-coreutils-bin=PATH],
[path of cat, mkdir, etc.]),
coreutils=$withval, coreutils=$(dirname $cat))
AC_SUBST(coreutils)
AC_ARG_WITH(docbook-ebnf-catalog, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-docbook-ebnf-catalog=PATH],
[path of the DocBook XML EBNF module DTD]),
docbookebnfcatalog=$withval, docbookcatalog=/docbook-ebnf-dtd-missing)
AC_SUBST(docbookebnfcatalog)
AC_ARG_WITH(docbook-xsl, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-docbook-xsl=PATH],
[path of the DocBook XSL stylesheets]),
docbookxsl=$withval, docbookxsl=/docbook-xsl-missing)
AC_SUBST(docbookxsl)
AC_ARG_WITH(xml-flags, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-xml-flags=FLAGS],
[extra flags to be passed to xmllint and xsltproc]),
xmlflags=$withval, xmlflags=)
AC_SUBST(xmlflags)
AC_ARG_WITH(store-dir, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-store-dir=PATH],
[path of the Nix store (defaults to /nix/store)]),
storedir=$withval, storedir='/nix/store')
[path of the Nix store]),
storedir=$withval, storedir='${prefix}/store')
AC_SUBST(storedir)
# Look for boost, a required dependency.
# Note that AX_BOOST_BASE only exports *CPP* BOOST_CPPFLAGS, no CXX flags,
# and CPPFLAGS are not passed to the C++ compiler automatically.
# Thus we append the returned CPPFLAGS to the CXXFLAGS here.
AX_BOOST_BASE([1.66], [CXXFLAGS="$BOOST_CPPFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"], [AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires boost.])])
# For unknown reasons, setting this directly in the ACTION-IF-FOUND above
# ends up with LDFLAGS being empty, so we set it afterwards.
LDFLAGS="$BOOST_LDFLAGS $LDFLAGS"
# Look for OpenSSL, a required dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([OPENSSL], [libcrypto], [CXXFLAGS="$OPENSSL_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for libbz2, a required dependency.
AC_CHECK_LIB([bz2], [BZ2_bzWriteOpen], [true],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires libbz2, which is part of bzip2. See https://web.archive.org/web/20180624184756/http://www.bzip.org/.])])
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([bzlib.h], [true],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires libbz2, which is part of bzip2. See https://web.archive.org/web/20180624184756/http://www.bzip.org/.])])
# Look for SQLite, a required dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([SQLITE3], [sqlite3 >= 3.6.19], [CXXFLAGS="$SQLITE3_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for libcurl, a required dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBCURL], [libcurl], [CXXFLAGS="$LIBCURL_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for editline, a required dependency.
# The the libeditline.pc file was added only in libeditline >= 1.15.2,
# see https://github.com/troglobit/editline/commit/0a8f2ef4203c3a4a4726b9dd1336869cd0da8607,
# but e.g. Ubuntu 16.04 has an older version, so we fall back to searching for
# editline.h when the pkg-config approach fails.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([EDITLINE], [libeditline], [CXXFLAGS="$EDITLINE_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"], [
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([editline.h], [true],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires libeditline; it was found neither via pkg-config nor its normal header.])])
AC_SEARCH_LIBS([readline read_history], [editline], [],
[AC_MSG_ERROR([Nix requires libeditline; it was not found via pkg-config, but via its header, but required functions do not work. Maybe it is too old? >= 1.14 is required.])])
])
# Look for libsodium, an optional dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([SODIUM], [libsodium],
[AC_DEFINE([HAVE_SODIUM], [1], [Whether to use libsodium for cryptography.])
CXXFLAGS="$SODIUM_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"
have_sodium=1], [have_sodium=])
AC_SUBST(HAVE_SODIUM, [$have_sodium])
# Look for liblzma, a required dependency.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBLZMA], [liblzma], [CXXFLAGS="$LIBLZMA_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
AC_CHECK_LIB([lzma], [lzma_stream_encoder_mt],
[AC_DEFINE([HAVE_LZMA_MT], [1], [xz multithreaded compression support])])
# Look for libbrotli{enc,dec}.
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBBROTLI], [libbrotlienc libbrotlidec], [CXXFLAGS="$LIBBROTLI_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
# Look for libseccomp, required for Linux sandboxing.
if test "$sys_name" = linux; then
AC_ARG_ENABLE([seccomp-sandboxing],
AC_HELP_STRING([--disable-seccomp-sandboxing],
[Don't build support for seccomp sandboxing (only recommended if your arch doesn't support libseccomp yet!)]
))
if test "x$enable_seccomp_sandboxing" != "xno"; then
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([LIBSECCOMP], [libseccomp],
[CXXFLAGS="$LIBSECCOMP_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"])
have_seccomp=1
AC_DEFINE([HAVE_SECCOMP], [1], [Whether seccomp is available and should be used for sandboxing.])
else
have_seccomp=
fi
AC_ARG_WITH(bdb, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-bdb=PATH],
[prefix of Berkeley DB]),
bdb=$withval, bdb=)
AM_CONDITIONAL(HAVE_BDB, test -n "$bdb")
if test -z "$bdb"; then
bdb_lib='-L${top_builddir}/externals/inst-bdb/lib -ldb_cxx'
bdb_include='-I${top_builddir}/externals/inst-bdb/include'
else
have_seccomp=
bdb_lib="-L$bdb/lib -ldb_cxx"
bdb_include="-I$bdb/include"
fi
AC_SUBST(HAVE_SECCOMP, [$have_seccomp])
AC_SUBST(bdb_lib)
AC_SUBST(bdb_include)
# Look for aws-cpp-sdk-s3.
AC_LANG_PUSH(C++)
AC_CHECK_HEADERS([aws/s3/S3Client.h],
[AC_DEFINE([ENABLE_S3], [1], [Whether to enable S3 support via aws-sdk-cpp.])
enable_s3=1], [enable_s3=])
AC_SUBST(ENABLE_S3, [$enable_s3])
AC_LANG_POP(C++)
if test -n "$enable_s3"; then
declare -a aws_version_tokens=($(printf '#include <aws/core/VersionConfig.h>\nAWS_SDK_VERSION_STRING' | $CPP $CPPFLAGS - | grep -v '^#.*' | sed 's/"//g' | tr '.' ' '))
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([AWS_VERSION_MAJOR], ${aws_version_tokens@<:@0@:>@}, [Major version of aws-sdk-cpp.])
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED([AWS_VERSION_MINOR], ${aws_version_tokens@<:@1@:>@}, [Minor version of aws-sdk-cpp.])
fi
# Whether to use the Boehm garbage collector.
AC_ARG_ENABLE(gc, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-gc],
[enable garbage collection in the Nix expression evaluator (requires Boehm GC) [default=no]]),
gc=$enableval, gc=no)
if test "$gc" = yes; then
PKG_CHECK_MODULES([BDW_GC], [bdw-gc])
CXXFLAGS="$BDW_GC_CFLAGS $CXXFLAGS"
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_BOEHMGC, 1, [Whether to use the Boehm garbage collector.])
fi
# documentation generation switch
AC_ARG_ENABLE(doc-gen, AC_HELP_STRING([--disable-doc-gen],
[disable documentation generation]),
doc_generate=$enableval, doc_generate=yes)
AC_SUBST(doc_generate)
# Setuid installations.
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([setresuid setreuid lchown])
# Nice to have, but not essential.
AC_CHECK_FUNCS([strsignal posix_fallocate sysconf])
# This is needed if bzip2 is a static library, and the Nix libraries
# are dynamic.
if test "$(uname)" = "Darwin"; then
LDFLAGS="-all_load $LDFLAGS"
fi
# Do we have GNU tar?
AC_MSG_CHECKING([if you have a recent GNU tar])
if $tar --version 2> /dev/null | grep -q GNU && tar cvf /dev/null --warning=no-timestamp ./config.log > /dev/null; then
AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
tarFlags="--warning=no-timestamp"
AC_ARG_WITH(aterm, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-aterm=PATH],
[prefix of CWI ATerm library]),
aterm=$withval, aterm=)
AM_CONDITIONAL(HAVE_ATERM, test -n "$aterm")
if test -z "$aterm"; then
aterm_lib='-L${top_builddir}/externals/inst-aterm/lib -lATerm'
aterm_include='-I${top_builddir}/externals/inst-aterm/include'
aterm_bin='${top_builddir}/externals/inst-aterm/bin'
else
AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
aterm_lib="-L$aterm/lib -lATerm"
aterm_include="-I$aterm/include"
aterm_bin="$aterm/bin"
fi
AC_SUBST(tarFlags)
AC_SUBST(aterm_lib)
AC_SUBST(aterm_include)
AC_SUBST(aterm_bin)
AC_CHECK_LIB(pthread, pthread_mutex_init)
AC_ARG_ENABLE(init-state, AC_HELP_STRING([--disable-init-state],
[do not initialise DB etc. in `make install']),
init_state=$enableval, init_state=yes)
AM_CONDITIONAL(INIT_STATE, test "$init_state" = "yes")
AC_ARG_WITH(sandbox-shell, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-sandbox-shell=PATH],
[path of a statically-linked shell to use as /bin/sh in sandboxes]),
sandbox_shell=$withval)
AC_SUBST(sandbox_shell)
AC_ARG_ENABLE(shared, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-shared],
[Build shared libraries for Nix [default=yes]]),
shared=$enableval, shared=yes)
if test "$shared" = yes; then
AC_SUBST(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS, 1, [Whether to build shared libraries.])
else
AC_SUBST(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS, 0, [Whether to build shared libraries.])
AC_ARG_ENABLE(setuid, AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-setuid],
[install Nix setuid]),
setuid_hack=$enableval, setuid_hack=no)
AM_CONDITIONAL(SETUID_HACK, test "$setuid_hack" = "yes")
if test "$setuid_hack" = "yes"; then
AC_DEFINE(SETUID_HACK, 1, [whether to install Nix setuid])
fi
AC_CHECK_FUNC(setresuid, [HAVE_SETRESUID=1], [HAVE_SETRESUID=])
AM_CONDITIONAL(HAVE_SETRESUID, test "$HAVE_SETRESUID" = "1")
if test "$HAVE_SETRESUID" = "1"; then
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_SETRESUID, 1, [whether we have setresuid()])
fi
# Expand all variables in config.status.
test "$prefix" = NONE && prefix=$ac_default_prefix
test "$exec_prefix" = NONE && exec_prefix='${prefix}'
for name in $ac_subst_vars; do
declare $name="$(eval echo "${!name}")"
declare $name="$(eval echo "${!name}")"
declare $name="$(eval echo "${!name}")"
done
AC_ARG_WITH(nix-user, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-nix-user=USER],
[user for Nix setuid binaries]),
NIX_USER=$withval, NIX_USER=nix)
AC_SUBST(NIX_USER)
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(NIX_USER, ["$NIX_USER"], [Nix user])
AC_ARG_WITH(nix-group, AC_HELP_STRING([--with-nix-group=USER],
[group for Nix setuid binaries]),
NIX_GROUP=$withval, NIX_GROUP=nix)
AC_SUBST(NIX_GROUP)
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(NIX_GROUP, ["$NIX_GROUP"], [Nix group])
rm -f Makefile.config
AC_CONFIG_HEADER([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([])
AM_CONFIG_HEADER([config.h])
AC_CONFIG_FILES([Makefile
externals/Makefile
src/Makefile
src/bin2c/Makefile
src/boost/Makefile
src/boost/format/Makefile
src/libutil/Makefile
src/libstore/Makefile
src/libmain/Makefile
src/nix-store/Makefile
src/nix-hash/Makefile
src/libexpr/Makefile
src/nix-instantiate/Makefile
src/nix-env/Makefile
src/log2xml/Makefile
scripts/Makefile
corepkgs/Makefile
corepkgs/fetchurl/Makefile
corepkgs/nar/Makefile
corepkgs/buildenv/Makefile
corepkgs/channels/Makefile
corepkgs/nix-pull/Makefile
doc/Makefile
doc/manual/Makefile
misc/Makefile
misc/emacs/Makefile
tests/Makefile
])
AC_OUTPUT

38
contrib/stack-collapse.py
View file

@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
#!/usr/bin/env nix-shell
#!nix-shell -i python3 -p python3 --pure
# To be used with `--trace-function-calls` and `flamegraph.pl`.
#
# For example:
#
# nix-instantiate --trace-function-calls '<nixpkgs>' -A hello 2> nix-function-calls.trace
# ./contrib/stack-collapse.py nix-function-calls.trace > nix-function-calls.folded
# nix-shell -p flamegraph --run "flamegraph.pl nix-function-calls.folded > nix-function-calls.svg"
import sys
from pprint import pprint
import fileinput
stack = []
timestack = []
for line in fileinput.input():
components = line.strip().split(" ", 2)
if components[0] != "function-trace":
continue
direction = components[1]
components = components[2].rsplit(" ", 2)
loc = components[0]
_at = components[1]
time = int(components[2])
if direction == "entered":
stack.append(loc)
timestack.append(time)
elif direction == "exited":
dur = time - timestack.pop()
vst = ";".join(stack)
print(f"{vst} {dur}")
stack.pop()

1
corepkgs/Makefile.am Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1 @@
SUBDIRS = fetchurl nar buildenv channels nix-pull

25
corepkgs/buildenv.nix
View file

@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
{ derivations, manifest }:
derivation {
name = "user-environment";
system = "builtin";
builder = "builtin:buildenv";
inherit manifest;
# !!! grmbl, need structured data for passing this in a clean way.
derivations =
map (d:
[ (d.meta.active or "true")
(d.meta.priority or 5)
(builtins.length d.outputs)
] ++ map (output: builtins.getAttr output d) d.outputs)
derivations;
# Building user environments remotely just causes huge amounts of
# network traffic, so don't do that.
preferLocalBuild = true;
# Also don't bother substituting.
allowSubstitutes = false;
}

11
corepkgs/buildenv/Makefile.am Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
all-local: builder.pl
install-exec-local:
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/buildenv
$(INSTALL_DATA) default.nix $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/buildenv
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) builder.pl $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/buildenv
include ../../substitute.mk
EXTRA_DIST = default.nix builder.pl.in

94
corepkgs/buildenv/builder.pl.in Executable file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
#! @perl@ -w
use strict;
use Cwd;
use IO::Handle;
STDOUT->autoflush(1);
my $out = $ENV{"out"};
mkdir "$out", 0755 || die "error creating $out";
# For each activated package, create symlinks.
sub createLinks {
my $srcDir = shift;
my $dstDir = shift;
my @srcFiles = glob("$srcDir/*");
foreach my $srcFile (@srcFiles) {
my $baseName = $srcFile;
$baseName =~ s/^.*\///g; # strip directory
my $dstFile = "$dstDir/$baseName";
if ($srcFile =~ /\/propagated-build-inputs$/ ||
$srcFile =~ /\/nix-support$/ ||
$srcFile =~ /\/log$/)
{
# Do nothing.
}
elsif (-d $srcFile) {
lstat $dstFile;
if (-d _) {
createLinks($srcFile, $dstFile);
}
elsif (-l _) {
my $target = readlink $dstFile or die;
if (!-d $target) {
die "collission between directory `$srcFile' and non-directory `$target'";
}
unlink $dstFile or die "error unlinking `$dstFile': $!";
mkdir $dstFile, 0755 ||
die "error creating directory `$dstFile': $!";
createLinks($target, $dstFile);
createLinks($srcFile, $dstFile);
}
else {
symlink($srcFile, $dstFile) ||
die "error creating link `$dstFile': $!";
}
}
elsif (-l $dstFile) {
my $target = readlink $dstFile;
die "collission between `$srcFile' and `$target'";
}
else {
# print "linking $dstFile to $srcFile\n";
symlink($srcFile, $dstFile) ||
die "error creating link `$dstFile': $!";
}
}
}
my %done;
sub addPkg {
my $pkgDir = shift;
return if (defined $done{$pkgDir});
$done{$pkgDir} = 1;
createLinks("$pkgDir", "$out");
}
my @args = split ' ', $ENV{"derivations"};
while (scalar @args > 0) {
my $drvPath = shift @args;
print "adding $drvPath\n";
addPkg($drvPath);
}
symlink($ENV{"manifest"}, "$out/manifest") or die "cannot create manifest";

9
corepkgs/buildenv/default.nix Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
{system, derivations, manifest}:
derivation {
name = "user-environment";
system = system;
builder = ./builder.pl;
derivations = derivations;
manifest = manifest;
}

11
corepkgs/channels/Makefile.am Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
all-local: unpack.sh
install-exec-local:
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/channels
$(INSTALL_DATA) unpack.nix $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/channels
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) unpack.sh $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/channels
include ../../substitute.mk
EXTRA_DIST = unpack.nix unpack.sh.in

7
corepkgs/channels/unpack.nix Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
{system, inputs}:
derivation {
name = "channels";
builder = ./unpack.sh;
inherit system inputs;
}

24
corepkgs/channels/unpack.sh.in Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
#! @shell@ -e
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin # !!! impure
mkdir $out
mkdir $out/tmp
cd $out/tmp
expr=$out/default.nix
echo '[' > $expr
nr=0
for i in $inputs; do
echo "unpacking $i"
@bunzip2@ < $i | tar xvf -
mv * ../$nr # !!! hacky
echo "(import ./$nr)" >> $expr
nr=$(($nr + 1))
done
echo ']' >> $expr
cd ..
rmdir tmp

29
corepkgs/config.nix.in
View file

@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
let
fromEnv = var: def:
let val = builtins.getEnv var; in
if val != "" then val else def;
in rec {
shell = "@bash@";
coreutils = "@coreutils@";
bzip2 = "@bzip2@";
gzip = "@gzip@";
xz = "@xz@";
tar = "@tar@";
tarFlags = "@tarFlags@";
tr = "@tr@";
nixBinDir = fromEnv "NIX_BIN_DIR" "@bindir@";
nixPrefix = "@prefix@";
nixLibexecDir = fromEnv "NIX_LIBEXEC_DIR" "@libexecdir@";
nixLocalstateDir = "@localstatedir@";
nixSysconfDir = "@sysconfdir@";
nixStoreDir = fromEnv "NIX_STORE_DIR" "@storedir@";
# If Nix is installed in the Nix store, then automatically add it as
# a dependency to the core packages. This ensures that they work
# properly in a chroot.
chrootDeps =
if dirOf nixPrefix == builtins.storeDir then
[ (builtins.storePath nixPrefix) ]
else
[ ];
}

27
corepkgs/derivation.nix
View file

@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
/* This is the implementation of the ‘derivation’ builtin function.
It's actually a wrapper around the ‘derivationStrict’ primop. */
drvAttrs @ { outputs ? [ "out" ], ... }:
let
strict = derivationStrict drvAttrs;
commonAttrs = drvAttrs // (builtins.listToAttrs outputsList) //
{ all = map (x: x.value) outputsList;
inherit drvAttrs;
};
outputToAttrListElement = outputName:
{ name = outputName;
value = commonAttrs // {
outPath = builtins.getAttr outputName strict;
drvPath = strict.drvPath;
type = "derivation";
inherit outputName;
};
};
outputsList = map outputToAttrListElement outputs;
in (builtins.head outputsList).value

41
corepkgs/fetchurl.nix
View file

@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
{ system ? "" # obsolete
, url
, hash ? "" # an SRI ash
# Legacy hash specification
, md5 ? "", sha1 ? "", sha256 ? "", sha512 ? ""
, outputHash ?
if hash != "" then hash else if sha512 != "" then sha512 else if sha1 != "" then sha1 else if md5 != "" then md5 else sha256
, outputHashAlgo ?
if hash != "" then "" else if sha512 != "" then "sha512" else if sha1 != "" then "sha1" else if md5 != "" then "md5" else "sha256"
, executable ? false
, unpack ? false
, name ? baseNameOf (toString url)
}:
derivation {
builder = "builtin:fetchurl";
# New-style output content requirements.
inherit outputHashAlgo outputHash;
outputHashMode = if unpack || executable then "recursive" else "flat";
inherit name url executable unpack;
system = "builtin";
# No need to double the amount of network traffic
preferLocalBuild = true;
impureEnvVars = [
# We borrow these environment variables from the caller to allow
# easy proxy configuration. This is impure, but a fixed-output
# derivation like fetchurl is allowed to do so since its result is
# by definition pure.
"http_proxy" "https_proxy" "ftp_proxy" "all_proxy" "no_proxy"
];
# To make "nix-prefetch-url" work.
urls = [ url ];
}

11
corepkgs/fetchurl/Makefile.am Normal file
View file

@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
all-local: builder.sh
install-exec-local:
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/fetchurl
$(INSTALL_DATA) default.nix $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/fetchurl
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) builder.sh $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/fetchurl
include ../../substitute.mk
EXTRA_DIST = default.nix builder.sh.in

19
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@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
#! @shell@ -e
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
echo "downloading $url into $out"
prefetch=@storedir@/nix-prefetch-url-$md5
if test -f "$prefetch"; then
echo "using prefetched $prefetch";
mv $prefetch $out
else
@curl@ --fail --location --max-redirs 20 "$url" > "$out"
fi
actual=$(@bindir@/nix-hash --flat $out)
if test "$actual" != "$md5"; then
echo "hash is $actual, expected $md5"
exit 1
fi

8
corepkgs/fetchurl/default.nix Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
{system, url, md5}:
derivation {
name = baseNameOf (toString url);
builder = ./builder.sh;
id = md5;
inherit system url md5;
}

21
corepkgs/imported-drv-to-derivation.nix
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@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
attrs @ { drvPath, outputs, name, ... }:
let
commonAttrs = (builtins.listToAttrs outputsList) //
{ all = map (x: x.value) outputsList;
inherit drvPath name;
type = "derivation";
};
outputToAttrListElement = outputName:
{ name = outputName;
value = commonAttrs // {
outPath = builtins.getAttr outputName attrs;
inherit outputName;
};
};
outputsList = map outputToAttrListElement outputs;
in (builtins.head outputsList).value

5
corepkgs/local.mk
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@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
corepkgs_FILES = buildenv.nix unpack-channel.nix derivation.nix fetchurl.nix imported-drv-to-derivation.nix
$(foreach file,config.nix $(corepkgs_FILES),$(eval $(call install-data-in,$(d)/$(file),$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs)))
template-files += $(d)/config.nix

13
corepkgs/nar/Makefile.am Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
all-local: nar.sh unnar.sh
install-exec-local:
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nar
$(INSTALL_DATA) nar.nix $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nar
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) nar.sh $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nar
$(INSTALL_DATA) unnar.nix $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nar
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) unnar.sh $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nar
include ../../substitute.mk
EXTRA_DIST = nar.nix nar.sh.in unnar.nix unnar.sh.in

6
corepkgs/nar/nar.nix Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
{system, path}: derivation {
name = "nar";
builder = ./nar.sh;
system = system;
path = path;
}

15
corepkgs/nar/nar.sh.in Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
#! @shell@ -e
# !!! impure; fix this
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
echo "packing $path into $out..."
mkdir $out
dst=$out/$(basename $path).nar.bz2
@bindir@/nix-store --dump "$path" | @bzip2@ > $dst
if test "${PIPESTATUS[0]}" != "0"; then exit 1; fi
md5=$(md5sum -b $dst | cut -c1-32)
if test $? != 0; then exit 1; fi
echo $md5 > $out/md5

7
corepkgs/nar/unnar.nix Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
{system, narFile, outPath}: derivation {
name = "unnar";
builder = ./unnar.sh;
system = system;
narFile = narFile;
outPath = outPath;
}

4
corepkgs/nar/unnar.sh.in Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
#! @shell@ -e
echo "unpacking $narFile to $out..."
@bunzip2@ < $narFile | @bindir@/nix-store --restore "$out"

11
corepkgs/nix-pull/Makefile.am Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
all-local: builder.sh
install-exec-local:
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nix-pull
$(INSTALL_DATA) default.nix $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nix-pull
$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) builder.sh $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/corepkgs/nix-pull
include ../../substitute.mk
EXTRA_DIST = default.nix builder.sh.in

34
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@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
#! @shell@ -e
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
mkdir $out
cat > $out/fetch <<EOF
#! @shell@ -e
export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
echo "downloading \$2..."
export PRINT_PATH=1
result=(\$(@bindir@/nix-prefetch-url \$2))
hash=\${result[0]}
path=\${result[1]}
if test "\$hash" != "\$3"; then
echo "hash is \$hash, expected \$3"
exit 1
fi
echo "unpacking into \$1..."
if ! @bunzip2@ < "\$path" | @bindir@/nix-store --restore "\$1"; then
exit 1
fi
exit 0
EOF
chmod +x $out/fetch

7
corepkgs/nix-pull/default.nix Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
{system}:
derivation {
name = "nix-pull";
builder = ./builder.sh;
inherit system;
}

39
corepkgs/unpack-channel.nix
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@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
with import <nix/config.nix>;
let
builder = builtins.toFile "unpack-channel.sh"
''
mkdir $out
cd $out
xzpat="\.xz\$"
gzpat="\.gz\$"
if [[ "$src" =~ $xzpat ]]; then
${xz} -d < $src | ${tar} xf - ${tarFlags}
elif [[ "$src" =~ $gzpat ]]; then
${gzip} -d < $src | ${tar} xf - ${tarFlags}
else
${bzip2} -d < $src | ${tar} xf - ${tarFlags}
fi
if [ * != $channelName ]; then
mv * $out/$channelName
fi
'';
in
{ name, channelName, src }:
derivation {
system = builtins.currentSystem;
builder = shell;
args = [ "-e" builder ];
inherit name channelName src;
PATH = "${nixBinDir}:${coreutils}";
# No point in doing this remotely.
preferLocalBuild = true;
inherit chrootDeps;
}

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@ -0,0 +1 @@
SUBDIRS = manual

30
doc/dev/release-procedures.txt Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
To produce a `stable' release from the trunk:
0. Make sure that the trunk builds in the release supervisor.
1. Branch the trunk, e.g., `svn cp .../trunk
.../branches/0.5-release'.
2. Switch to the branch, e.g., `svn switch .../branches/0.5-release'.
3. In `configure.ac', change `STABLE=0' into `STABLE=1' and commit.
4. In the release supervisor, add a one-time job to build
`.../branches/0.5-release'.
5. Make sure that the release succeeds.
6. Move the branch to a tag, e.g., `svn mv .../branches/0.5-release
.../tags/0.5'.
Note that the branch should not be used for maintenance; it should
be deleted after the release has been created. A maintenance
branch (e.g., `.../branches/0.5') should be created from the
original revision of the trunk (since maintenance releases should
also be tested first; hence, we cannot have `STABLE=1'). The same
procedure can then be followed to produce maintenance release; just
substitute `.../branches/VERSION' for the trunk.
7. Switch back to the trunk.
8. Bump the version number in `configure.ac' (in AC_INIT).

57
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@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
ENV = SGML_CATALOG_FILES=$(docbookcatalog):$(docbookebnfcatalog)
XMLLINT = $(ENV) $(xmllint) $(xmlflags) --catalogs
XSLTPROC = $(ENV) $(xsltproc) $(xmlflags) --catalogs \
--param section.autolabel 1 \
--param section.label.includes.component.label 1 \
--param html.stylesheet \'style.css\' \
--param xref.with.number.and.title 0
man1_MANS = nix-env.1 nix-store.1 nix-instantiate.1 \
nix-collect-garbage.1 nix-push.1 nix-pull.1 \
nix-prefetch-url.1
FIGURES = figures/user-environments.png
SOURCES = manual.xml introduction.xml installation.xml \
package-management.xml writing-nix-expressions.xml \
build-farm.xml \
$(man1_MANS:.1=.xml) \
troubleshooting.xml bugs.xml opt-common.xml opt-common-syn.xml \
quick-start.xml nix-lang-ref.xml style.css images
manual.is-valid: $(SOURCES) version.xml
$(XMLLINT) --noout --valid manual.xml
touch $@
version.xml:
echo -n $(VERSION) > version.xml
man $(MANS): $(SOURCES) manual.is-valid
$(XSLTPROC) $(docbookxsl)/manpages/docbook.xsl manual.xml
manual.html: $(SOURCES) manual.is-valid images
$(XSLTPROC) --output manual.html $(docbookxsl)/html/docbook.xsl manual.xml
all-local: manual.html
install-data-local: manual.html
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/manual
$(INSTALL_DATA) manual.html $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/manual
$(INSTALL_DATA) style.css $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/manual
cp -r images $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/manual/images
$(INSTALL) -d $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/manual/figures
$(INSTALL_DATA) $(FIGURES) $(DESTDIR)$(datadir)/nix/manual/figures
images:
mkdir images
cp $(docbookxsl)/images/*.png images
mkdir images/callouts
cp $(docbookxsl)/images/callouts/*.png images/callouts
chmod +w -R images
KEEP = manual.html manual.is-valid version.xml $(MANS)
EXTRA_DIST = $(SOURCES) $(FIGURES) $(KEEP)
DISTCLEANFILES = $(KEEP)

14
doc/manual/advanced-topics/advanced-topics.xml
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@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
<part xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
xml:id="part-advanced-topics"
version="5.0">
<title>Advanced Topics</title>
<xi:include href="distributed-builds.xml" />
<xi:include href="cores-vs-jobs.xml" />
<xi:include href="diff-hook.xml" />
<xi:include href="post-build-hook.xml" />
</part>

121
doc/manual/advanced-topics/cores-vs-jobs.xml
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@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="chap-tuning-cores-and-jobs">
<title>Tuning Cores and Jobs</title>
<para>Nix has two relevant settings with regards to how your CPU cores
will be utilized: <xref linkend="conf-cores" /> and
<xref linkend="conf-max-jobs" />. This chapter will talk about what
they are, how they interact, and their configuration trade-offs.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><xref linkend="conf-max-jobs" /></term>
<listitem><para>
Dictates how many separate derivations will be built at the same
time. If you set this to zero, the local machine will do no
builds. Nix will still substitute from binary caches, and build
remotely if remote builders are configured.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term><xref linkend="conf-cores" /></term>
<listitem><para>
Suggests how many cores each derivation should use. Similar to
<command>make -j</command>.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The <xref linkend="conf-cores" /> setting determines the value of
<envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar>. <envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar> is equal
to <xref linkend="conf-cores" />, unless <xref linkend="conf-cores" />
equals <literal>0</literal>, in which case <envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar>
will be the total number of cores in the system.</para>
<para>The total number of consumed cores is a simple multiplication,
<xref linkend="conf-cores" /> * <envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar>.</para>
<para>The balance on how to set these two independent variables depends
upon each builder's workload and hardware. Here are a few example
scenarios on a machine with 24 cores:</para>
<table>
<caption>Balancing 24 Build Cores</caption>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><xref linkend="conf-max-jobs" /></th>
<th><xref linkend="conf-cores" /></th>
<th><envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar></th>
<th>Maximum Processes</th>
<th>Result</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>
One derivation will be built at a time, each one can use 24
cores. Undersold if a job can’t use 24 cores.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>
Four derivations will be built at once, each given access to
six cores.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>72</td>
<td>
12 derivations will be built at once, each given access to six
cores. This configuration is over-sold. If all 12 derivations
being built simultaneously try to use all six cores, the
machine's performance will be degraded due to extensive context
switching between the 12 builds.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>
24 derivations can build at the same time, each using a single
core. Never oversold, but derivations which require many cores
will be very slow to compile.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>24</td>
<td>576</td>
<td>
24 derivations can build at the same time, each using all the
available cores of the machine. Very likely to be oversold,
and very likely to suffer context switches.
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<para>It is up to the derivations' build script to respect
host's requested cores-per-build by following the value of the
<envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar> environment variable.</para>
</chapter>

205
doc/manual/advanced-topics/diff-hook.xml
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@ -1,205 +0,0 @@
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
xml:id="chap-diff-hook"
version="5.0"
>
<title>Verifying Build Reproducibility with <option linkend="conf-diff-hook">diff-hook</option></title>
<subtitle>Check build reproducibility by running builds multiple times
and comparing their results.</subtitle>
<para>Specify a program with Nix's <xref linkend="conf-diff-hook" /> to
compare build results when two builds produce different results. Note:
this hook is only executed if the results are not the same, this hook
is not used for determining if the results are the same.</para>
<para>For purposes of demonstration, we'll use the following Nix file,
<filename>deterministic.nix</filename> for testing:</para>
<programlisting>
let
inherit (import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {}) runCommand;
in {
stable = runCommand "stable" {} ''
touch $out
'';
unstable = runCommand "unstable" {} ''
echo $RANDOM > $out
'';
}
</programlisting>
<para>Additionally, <filename>nix.conf</filename> contains:
<programlisting>
diff-hook = /etc/nix/my-diff-hook
run-diff-hook = true
</programlisting>
where <filename>/etc/nix/my-diff-hook</filename> is an executable
file containing:
<programlisting>
#!/bin/sh
exec &gt;&amp;2
echo "For derivation $3:"
/run/current-system/sw/bin/diff -r "$1" "$2"
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>The diff hook is executed by the same user and group who ran the
build. However, the diff hook does not have write access to the store
path just built.</para>
<section>
<title>
Spot-Checking Build Determinism
</title>
<para>
Verify a path which already exists in the Nix store by passing
<option>--check</option> to the build command.
</para>
<para>If the build passes and is deterministic, Nix will exit with a
status code of 0:</para>
<screen>
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A stable
these derivations will be built:
/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv
building '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A stable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/z98fasz2jqy9gs0xbvdj939p27jwda38-stable.drv'...
/nix/store/yyxlzw3vqaas7wfp04g0b1xg51f2czgq-stable
</screen>
<para>If the build is not deterministic, Nix will exit with a status
code of 1:</para>
<screen>
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable
these derivations will be built:
/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv
building '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable --check
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs
</screen>
<para>In the Nix daemon's log, we will now see:
<screen>
For derivation /nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv:
1c1
&lt; 8108
---
&gt; 30204
</screen>
</para>
<para>Using <option>--check</option> with <option>--keep-failed</option>
will cause Nix to keep the second build's output in a special,
<literal>.check</literal> path:</para>
<screen>
$ nix-build ./deterministic.nix -A unstable --check --keep-failed
checking outputs of '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv'...
note: keeping build directory '/tmp/nix-build-unstable.drv-0'
error: derivation '/nix/store/cgl13lbj1w368r5z8gywipl1ifli7dhk-unstable.drv' may not be deterministic: output '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable' differs from '/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check'
</screen>
<para>In particular, notice the
<literal>/nix/store/krpqk0l9ib0ibi1d2w52z293zw455cap-unstable.check</literal>
output. Nix has copied the build results to that directory where you
can examine it.</para>
<note xml:id="check-dirs-are-unregistered">
<title><literal>.check</literal> paths are not registered store paths</title>
<para>Check paths are not protected against garbage collection,
and this path will be deleted on the next garbage collection.</para>
<para>The path is guaranteed to be alive for the duration of
<xref linkend="conf-diff-hook" />'s execution, but may be deleted
any time after.</para>
<para>If the comparison is performed as part of automated tooling,
please use the diff-hook or author your tooling to handle the case
where the build was not deterministic and also a check path does
not exist.</para>
</note>
<para>
<option>--check</option> is only usable if the derivation has
been built on the system already. If the derivation has not been
built Nix will fail with the error:
<screen>
error: some outputs of '/nix/store/hzi1h60z2qf0nb85iwnpvrai3j2w7rr6-unstable.drv' are not valid, so checking is not possible
</screen>
Run the build without <option>--check</option>, and then try with
<option>--check</option> again.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>
Automatic and Optionally Enforced Determinism Verification
</title>
<para>
Automatically verify every build at build time by executing the
build multiple times.
</para>
<para>
Setting <xref linkend="conf-repeat" /> and
<xref linkend="conf-enforce-determinism" /> in your
<filename>nix.conf</filename> permits the automated verification
of every build Nix performs.
</para>
<para>
The following configuration will run each build three times, and
will require the build to be deterministic:
<programlisting>
enforce-determinism = true
repeat = 2
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
Setting <xref linkend="conf-enforce-determinism" /> to false as in
the following configuration will run the build multiple times,
execute the build hook, but will allow the build to succeed even
if it does not build reproducibly:
<programlisting>
enforce-determinism = false
repeat = 1
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>
An example output of this configuration:
<screen>
$ nix-build ./test.nix -A unstable
these derivations will be built:
/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv
building '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' (round 1/2)...
building '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' (round 2/2)...
output '/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable' of '/nix/store/ch6llwpr2h8c3jmnf3f2ghkhx59aa97f-unstable.drv' differs from '/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable.check' from previous round
/nix/store/6xg356v9gl03hpbbg8gws77n19qanh02-unstable
</screen>
</para>
</section>
</chapter>

190
doc/manual/advanced-topics/distributed-builds.xml
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@ -1,190 +0,0 @@
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='chap-distributed-builds'>
<title>Remote Builds</title>
<para>Nix supports remote builds, where a local Nix installation can
forward Nix builds to other machines. This allows multiple builds to
be performed in parallel and allows Nix to perform multi-platform
builds in a semi-transparent way. For instance, if you perform a
build for a <literal>x86_64-darwin</literal> on an
<literal>i686-linux</literal> machine, Nix can automatically forward
the build to a <literal>x86_64-darwin</literal> machine, if
available.</para>
<para>To forward a build to a remote machine, it’s required that the
remote machine is accessible via SSH and that it has Nix
installed. You can test whether connecting to the remote Nix instance
works, e.g.
<screen>
$ nix ping-store --store ssh://mac
</screen>
will try to connect to the machine named <literal>mac</literal>. It is
possible to specify an SSH identity file as part of the remote store
URI, e.g.
<screen>
$ nix ping-store --store ssh://mac?ssh-key=/home/alice/my-key
</screen>
Since builds should be non-interactive, the key should not have a
passphrase. Alternatively, you can load identities ahead of time into
<command>ssh-agent</command> or <command>gpg-agent</command>.</para>
<para>If you get the error
<screen>
bash: nix-store: command not found
error: cannot connect to 'mac'
</screen>
then you need to ensure that the <envar>PATH</envar> of
non-interactive login shells contains Nix.</para>
<warning><para>If you are building via the Nix daemon, it is the Nix
daemon user account (that is, <literal>root</literal>) that should
have SSH access to the remote machine. If you can’t or don’t want to
configure <literal>root</literal> to be able to access to remote
machine, you can use a private Nix store instead by passing
e.g. <literal>--store ~/my-nix</literal>.</para></warning>
<para>The list of remote machines can be specified on the command line
or in the Nix configuration file. The former is convenient for
testing. For example, the following command allows you to build a
derivation for <literal>x86_64-darwin</literal> on a Linux machine:
<screen>
$ uname
Linux
$ nix build \
'(with import &lt;nixpkgs> { system = "x86_64-darwin"; }; runCommand "foo" {} "uname > $out")' \
--builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin'
[1/0/1 built, 0.0 MiB DL] building foo on ssh://mac
$ cat ./result
Darwin
</screen>
It is possible to specify multiple builders separated by a semicolon
or a newline, e.g.
<screen>
--builders 'ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd'
</screen>
</para>
<para>Each machine specification consists of the following elements,
separated by spaces. Only the first element is required.
To leave a field at its default, set it to <literal>-</literal>.
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>The URI of the remote store in the format
<literal>ssh://[<replaceable>username</replaceable>@]<replaceable>hostname</replaceable></literal>,
e.g. <literal>ssh://nix@mac</literal> or
<literal>ssh://mac</literal>. For backward compatibility,
<literal>ssh://</literal> may be omitted. The hostname may be an
alias defined in your
<filename>~/.ssh/config</filename>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A comma-separated list of Nix platform type
identifiers, such as <literal>x86_64-darwin</literal>. It is
possible for a machine to support multiple platform types, e.g.,
<literal>i686-linux,x86_64-linux</literal>. If omitted, this
defaults to the local platform type.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The SSH identity file to be used to log in to the
remote machine. If omitted, SSH will use its regular
identities.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The maximum number of builds that Nix will execute
in parallel on the machine. Typically this should be equal to the
number of CPU cores. For instance, the machine
<literal>itchy</literal> in the example will execute up to 8 builds
in parallel.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The “speed factor”, indicating the relative speed of
the machine. If there are multiple machines of the right type, Nix
will prefer the fastest, taking load into account.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A comma-separated list of <emphasis>supported
features</emphasis>. If a derivation has the
<varname>requiredSystemFeatures</varname> attribute, then Nix will
only perform the derivation on a machine that has the specified
features. For instance, the attribute
<programlisting>
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "kvm" ];
</programlisting>
will cause the build to be performed on a machine that has the
<literal>kvm</literal> feature.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A comma-separated list of <emphasis>mandatory
features</emphasis>. A machine will only be used to build a
derivation if all of the machine’s mandatory features appear in the
derivation’s <varname>requiredSystemFeatures</varname>
attribute..</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
For example, the machine specification
<programlisting>
nix@scratchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 8 1 kvm
nix@itchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 8 2
nix@poochie.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 1 2 kvm benchmark
</programlisting>
specifies several machines that can perform
<literal>i686-linux</literal> builds. However,
<literal>poochie</literal> will only do builds that have the attribute
<programlisting>
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" ];
</programlisting>
or
<programlisting>
requiredSystemFeatures = [ "benchmark" "kvm" ];
</programlisting>
<literal>itchy</literal> cannot do builds that require
<literal>kvm</literal>, but <literal>scratchy</literal> does support
such builds. For regular builds, <literal>itchy</literal> will be
preferred over <literal>scratchy</literal> because it has a higher
speed factor.</para>
<para>Remote builders can also be configured in
<filename>nix.conf</filename>, e.g.
<programlisting>
builders = ssh://mac x86_64-darwin ; ssh://beastie x86_64-freebsd
</programlisting>
Finally, remote builders can be configured in a separate configuration
file included in <option>builders</option> via the syntax
<literal>@<replaceable>file</replaceable></literal>. For example,
<programlisting>
builders = @/etc/nix/machines
</programlisting>
causes the list of machines in <filename>/etc/nix/machines</filename>
to be included. (This is the default.)</para>
<para>If you want the builders to use caches, you likely want to set
the option <link linkend='conf-builders-use-substitutes'><literal>builders-use-substitutes</literal></link>
in your local <filename>nix.conf</filename>.</para>
<para>To build only on remote builders and disable building on the local machine,
you can use the option <option>--max-jobs 0</option>.</para>
</chapter>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
xml:id="chap-post-build-hook"
version="5.0"
>
<title>Using the <xref linkend="conf-post-build-hook" /></title>
<subtitle>Uploading to an S3-compatible binary cache after each build</subtitle>
<section xml:id="chap-post-build-hook-caveats">
<title>Implementation Caveats</title>
<para>Here we use the post-build hook to upload to a binary cache.
This is a simple and working example, but it is not suitable for all
use cases.</para>
<para>The post build hook program runs after each executed build,
and blocks the build loop. The build loop exits if the hook program
fails.</para>
<para>Concretely, this implementation will make Nix slow or unusable
when the internet is slow or unreliable.</para>
<para>A more advanced implementation might pass the store paths to a
user-supplied daemon or queue for processing the store paths outside
of the build loop.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Prerequisites</title>
<para>
This tutorial assumes you have configured an S3-compatible binary cache
according to the instructions at
<xref linkend="ssec-s3-substituter-authenticated-writes" />, and
that the <literal>root</literal> user's default AWS profile can
upload to the bucket.
</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Set up a Signing Key</title>
<para>Use <command>nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key</command> to
create our public and private signing keys. We will sign paths
with the private key, and distribute the public key for verifying
the authenticity of the paths.</para>
<screen>
# nix-store --generate-binary-cache-key example-nix-cache-1 /etc/nix/key.private /etc/nix/key.public
# cat /etc/nix/key.public
example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=
</screen>
<para>Then, add the public key and the cache URL to your
<filename>nix.conf</filename>'s <xref linkend="conf-trusted-public-keys" />
and <xref linkend="conf-substituters" /> like:</para>
<programlisting>
substituters = https://cache.nixos.org/ s3://example-nix-cache
trusted-public-keys = cache.nixos.org-1:6NCHdD59X431o0gWypbMrAURkbJ16ZPMQFGspcDShjY= example-nix-cache-1:1/cKDz3QCCOmwcztD2eV6Coggp6rqc9DGjWv7C0G+rM=
</programlisting>
<para>we will restart the Nix daemon a later step.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Implementing the build hook</title>
<para>Write the following script to
<filename>/etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh</filename>:
</para>
<programlisting>
#!/bin/sh
set -eu
set -f # disable globbing
export IFS=' '
echo "Signing paths" $OUT_PATHS
nix sign-paths --key-file /etc/nix/key.private $OUT_PATHS
echo "Uploading paths" $OUT_PATHS
exec nix copy --to 's3://example-nix-cache' $OUT_PATHS
</programlisting>
<note>
<title>Should <literal>$OUT_PATHS</literal> be quoted?</title>
<para>
The <literal>$OUT_PATHS</literal> variable is a space-separated
list of Nix store paths. In this case, we expect and want the
shell to perform word splitting to make each output path its
own argument to <command>nix sign-paths</command>. Nix guarantees
the paths will not contain any spaces, however a store path
might contain glob characters. The <command>set -f</command>
disables globbing in the shell.
</para>
</note>
<para>
Then make sure the hook program is executable by the <literal>root</literal> user:
<screen>
# chmod +x /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh
</screen></para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Updating Nix Configuration</title>
<para>Edit <filename>/etc/nix/nix.conf</filename> to run our hook,
by adding the following configuration snippet at the end:</para>
<programlisting>
post-build-hook = /etc/nix/upload-to-cache.sh
</programlisting>
<para>Then, restart the <command>nix-daemon</command>.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Testing</title>
<para>Build any derivation, for example:</para>
<screen>
$ nix-build -E '(import &lt;nixpkgs&gt; {}).writeText "example" (builtins.toString builtins.currentTime)'
these derivations will be built:
/nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv
building '/nix/store/s4pnfbkalzy5qz57qs6yybna8wylkig6-example.drv'...
running post-build-hook '/home/grahamc/projects/github.com/NixOS/nix/post-hook.sh'...
post-build-hook: Signing paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
post-build-hook: Uploading paths /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
/nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
</screen>
<para>Then delete the path from the store, and try substituting it from the binary cache:</para>
<screen>
$ rm ./result
$ nix-store --delete /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
</screen>
<para>Now, copy the path back from the cache:</para>
<screen>
$ nix store --realize /nix/store/ibcyipq5gf91838ldx40mjsp0b8w9n18-example
copying path '/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example from 's3://example-nix-cache'...
warning: you did not specify '--add-root'; the result might be removed by the garbage collector
/nix/store/m8bmqwrch6l3h8s0k3d673xpmipcdpsa-example
</screen>
</section>
<section>
<title>Conclusion</title>
<para>
We now have a Nix installation configured to automatically sign and
upload every local build to a remote binary cache.
</para>
<para>
Before deploying this to production, be sure to consider the
implementation caveats in <xref linkend="chap-post-build-hook-caveats" />.
</para>
</section>
</chapter>

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<appendix><title>Bugs / To-Do</title>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>
The man-pages generated from the DocBook documentation are ugly.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Generations properly form a tree. E.g., if after switching to
generation 39, we perform an installation action, a generation
43 is created which is a descendant of 39, not 42. So a
rollback from 43 ought to go back to 39. This is not
currently implemented; generations form a linear sequence.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
Unify the concepts of successors and substitutes into a
general notion of <emphasis>equivalent expressions</emphasis>.
Expressions are equivalent if they have the same target paths
with the same identifiers. However, even though they are
functionally equivalent, they may differ stronly with respect
to their <emphasis>performance characteristics</emphasis>.
For example, realising a closure expression is more efficient
that realising the derivation expression from which it was
produced. On the other hand, distributing sources may be more
efficient (storage- or bandwidth-wise) than distributing
binaries. So we need to be able to attach weigths or
priorities or performance annotations to expressions; Nix can
then choose the most efficient expression dependent on the
context.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
<emphasis>Build management.</emphasis> In principle it is already
possible to do build management using Nix (by writing builders that
perform appropriate build steps), but the Nix expression language is
not yet powerful enough to make this pleasant (?). The language should
be extended with features from the <ulink
url='http://www.cs.uu.nl/~eelco/maak/'>Maak build manager</ulink>.
Another interesting idea is to write a <command>make</command>
implementation that uses Nix as a back-end to support <ulink
url='http://www.research.att.com/~bs/bs_faq.html#legacy'>legacy</ulink>
build files.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>
There are race conditions between the garbage collector and
other Nix tools. For instance, when we run
<command>nix-env</command> to build and install a derivation
and run the garbage collector at the same time, the garbage
collector may kick in exactly between the build and
installation steps, i.e., before the newly built derivation
has become reachable from a root of the garbage collector.
</para>
<para>
One solution would be for these programs to properly register
temporary roots for the collector. Another would be to use
stop-the-world garbage collection: if any tool is running, the
garbage collector blocks, and vice versa. These solutions do
not solve the situation where multiple tools are involved,
e.g.,
<screen>
$ nix-store -r $(nix-instantiate foo.nix)</screen>
since even if <command>nix-instantiate</command> where to
register a temporary root, it would be released by the time
<command>nix-store</command> is started. A solution would be
to write the intermediate value to a file that is used as a
root to the collector, e.g.,
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate foo.nix > /nix/var/nix/roots/bla
$ nix-store -r $(cat /nix/var/nix/roots/bla)</screen>
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>For security, <command>nix-push</command> manifests
should be digitally signed, and <command>nix-pull</command> should
verify the signatures. The actual NAR archives in the cache do not
need to be signed, since the manifest contains cryptographic hashes of
these files (and <filename>fetchurl.nix</filename> checks
them).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>We should switch away from MD5, since it has been
more-or-less cracked. We don't currently depend very much on the
collision-resistance of MD5, but we will once we start sharing build
results between users.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>It would be useful to have an option in
<command>nix-env --delete-generations</command> to remove non-current
generations older than a certain age.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</appendix>

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<chapter id='chap-build-farm'><title>Setting up a Build Farm</title>
<para>This chapter provides some sketchy information on how to set up
a Nix-based build farm. Nix is particularly suited as a basis for a
build farm, since:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Nix supports distributed builds: a local Nix
installation can forward Nix builds to other machines over the
network. This allows multiple builds to be performed in parallel
(thus improving performance), but more in importantly, it allows Nix
to perform multi-platform builds in a semi-transparent way. For
instance, if you perform a build for a
<literal>powerpc-darwin</literal> on an
<literal>i686-linux</literal> machine, Nix can automatically forward
the build to a <literal>powerpc-darwin</literal> machine, if
available.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The Nix expression language is ideal for describing
build jobs, plus all their dependencies. For instance, if your
package has some dependency, you don't have to manually install it
on all the machines in the build farm; they will be built
automatically.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Proper release management requires that builds (if
deployed) are traceable: it should be possible to figure out from
exactly what sources they were built, in what configuration, etc.;
and it should be possible to reproduce the build, if necessary. Nix
makes this possible since Nix's hashing scheme uniquely identifies
builds, and Nix expressions are self-contained.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Nix will only rebuild things that have actually
changed. For instance, if the sources of a component haven't
changed between runs of the build farm, the component won't be
rebuild (unless it was garbage-collected). Also, dependencies
typically don't change very often, so they only need to be built
once.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The results of a Nix build farm can be made
available through a channel, so successful builds can be deployed to
users immediately.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<section><title>Overview</title>
<para>TODO</para>
<para>The sources of the Nix build farm are at <ulink
url='https://svn.cs.uu.nl:12443/repos/trace/release/trunk' />.</para>
</section>
<section id='sec-distributed-builds'><title>Setting up distributed builds</title>
<para>You can enable distributed builds by setting the environment
variable <envar>NIX_BUILD_HOOK</envar> to point to a program that Nix
will call whenever it wants to build a derivation. The build hook
(typically a shell or Perl script) can decline the build, in which Nix
will perform it in the usual way if possible, or it can accept it, in
which case it is responsible for somehow getting the inputs of the
build to another machine, doing the build there, and getting the
results back.</para>
<example id='ex-remote-systems'><title>Remote machine configuration:
<filename>remote-systems.conf</filename></title>
<programlisting>
nix@mcflurry.labs.cs.uu.nl powerpc-darwin /home/nix/.ssh/id_quarterpounder_auto 2
nix@scratchy.labs.cs.uu.nl i686-linux /home/nix/.ssh/id_scratchy_auto 1
</programlisting>
</example>
<para>An example build hook can be found in the Nix build farm
sources: <ulink
url='https://svn.cs.uu.nl:12443/repos/trace/release/trunk/common/distributed/build-remote.pl'
/>. It should be suitable for most purposes, with maybe some minor
adjustments. It uses <command>ssh</command> and
<command>rsync</command> to copy the build inputs and outputs and
perform the remote build. You should define a list of available build
machines and set the environment variable
<envar>REMOTE_SYSTEMS</envar> to point to it. An example
configuration is shown in <xref linkend='ex-remote-systems' />. Each
line in the file specifies a machine, with the following bits of
information:
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>The name of the remote machine, with optionally the
user under which the remote build should be performed. This is
actually passed as an argument to <command>ssh</command>, so it can
be an alias defined in your
<filename>~/.ssh/config</filename>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The Nix platform type identifier, such as
<literal>powerpc-darwin</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The SSH private key to be used to log in to the
remote machine. Since builds should be non-interactive, this key
should not have a passphrase!</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The maximum <quote>load</quote> of the remote
machine. This is just the maximum number of jobs that
<filename>build-remote.pl</filename> will execute in parallel on the
machine. Typically this should be equal to the number of
CPUs.</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
You should also set up the environment variable
<envar>CURRENT_LOAD</envar> to point at a file that
<filename>build-remote.pl</filename> uses to remember how many jobs it
is currently executing remotely. It doesn't look at the actual load
on the remote machine, so if you have multiple instances of Nix
running, they should use the same <envar>CURRENT_LOAD</envar>
file<footnote><para>Although there are probably some race conditions
in the script right now.</para></footnote>. Maybe in the future
<filename>build-remote.pl</filename> will look at the actual remote
load. The load file should exist, so you should just create it as an
empty file initially.</para>
</section>
</chapter>

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<part xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='part-command-ref'>
<title>Command Reference</title>
<partintro>
<para>This section lists commands and options that you can use when you
work with Nix.</para>
</partintro>
<xi:include href="opt-common.xml" />
<xi:include href="env-common.xml" />
<xi:include href="main-commands.xml" />
<xi:include href="utilities.xml" />
<xi:include href="files.xml" />
</part>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-common-env">
<title>Common Environment Variables</title>
<para>Most Nix commands interpret the following environment variables:</para>
<variablelist xml:id="env-common">
<varlistentry><term><envar>IN_NIX_SHELL</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Indicator that tells if the current environment was set up by
<command>nix-shell</command>. Since Nix 2.0 the values are
<literal>"pure"</literal> and <literal>"impure"</literal></para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="env-NIX_PATH"><term><envar>NIX_PATH</envar></term>
<listitem>
<para>A colon-separated list of directories used to look up Nix
expressions enclosed in angle brackets (i.e.,
<literal>&lt;<replaceable>path</replaceable>></literal>). For
instance, the value
<screen>
/home/eelco/Dev:/etc/nixos</screen>
will cause Nix to look for paths relative to
<filename>/home/eelco/Dev</filename> and
<filename>/etc/nixos</filename>, in that order. It is also
possible to match paths against a prefix. For example, the value
<screen>
nixpkgs=/home/eelco/Dev/nixpkgs-branch:/etc/nixos</screen>
will cause Nix to search for
<literal>&lt;nixpkgs/<replaceable>path</replaceable>></literal> in
<filename>/home/eelco/Dev/nixpkgs-branch/<replaceable>path</replaceable></filename>
and
<filename>/etc/nixos/nixpkgs/<replaceable>path</replaceable></filename>.</para>
<para>If a path in the Nix search path starts with
<literal>http://</literal> or <literal>https://</literal>, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and
unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must consist of a
single top-level directory. For example, setting
<envar>NIX_PATH</envar> to
<screen>
nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-15.09.tar.gz</screen>
tells Nix to download the latest revision in the Nixpkgs/NixOS
15.09 channel.</para>
<para>A following shorthand can be used to refer to the official channels:
<screen>nixpkgs=channel:nixos-15.09</screen>
</para>
<para>The search path can be extended using the <option
linkend="opt-I">-I</option> option, which takes precedence over
<envar>NIX_PATH</envar>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE</envar></term>
<listitem>
<para>Normally, the Nix store directory (typically
<filename>/nix/store</filename>) is not allowed to contain any
symlink components. This is to prevent “impure” builds. Builders
sometimes “canonicalise” paths by resolving all symlink components.
Thus, builds on different machines (with
<filename>/nix/store</filename> resolving to different locations)
could yield different results. This is generally not a problem,
except when builds are deployed to machines where
<filename>/nix/store</filename> resolves differently. If you are
sure that you’re not going to do that, you can set
<envar>NIX_IGNORE_SYMLINK_STORE</envar> to <envar>1</envar>.</para>
<para>Note that if you’re symlinking the Nix store so that you can
put it on another file system than the root file system, on Linux
you’re better off using <literal>bind</literal> mount points, e.g.,
<screen>
$ mkdir /nix
$ mount -o bind /mnt/otherdisk/nix /nix</screen>
Consult the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manual page for details.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_STORE_DIR</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Overrides the location of the Nix store (default
<filename><replaceable>prefix</replaceable>/store</filename>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_DATA_DIR</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Overrides the location of the Nix static data
directory (default
<filename><replaceable>prefix</replaceable>/share</filename>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_LOG_DIR</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Overrides the location of the Nix log directory
(default <filename><replaceable>prefix</replaceable>/log/nix</filename>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_STATE_DIR</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Overrides the location of the Nix state directory
(default <filename><replaceable>prefix</replaceable>/var/nix</filename>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_CONF_DIR</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Overrides the location of the Nix configuration
directory (default
<filename><replaceable>prefix</replaceable>/etc/nix</filename>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>TMPDIR</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Use the specified directory to store temporary
files. In particular, this includes temporary build directories;
these can take up substantial amounts of disk space. The default is
<filename>/tmp</filename>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="envar-remote"><term><envar>NIX_REMOTE</envar></term>
<listitem><para>This variable should be set to
<literal>daemon</literal> if you want to use the Nix daemon to
execute Nix operations. This is necessary in <link
linkend="ssec-multi-user">multi-user Nix installations</link>.
If the Nix daemon's Unix socket is at some non-standard path,
this variable should be set to <literal>unix://path/to/socket</literal>.
Otherwise, it should be left unset.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_SHOW_STATS</envar></term>
<listitem><para>If set to <literal>1</literal>, Nix will print some
evaluation statistics, such as the number of values
allocated.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_COUNT_CALLS</envar></term>
<listitem><para>If set to <literal>1</literal>, Nix will print how
often functions were called during Nix expression evaluation. This
is useful for profiling your Nix expressions.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><envar>GC_INITIAL_HEAP_SIZE</envar></term>
<listitem><para>If Nix has been configured to use the Boehm garbage
collector, this variable sets the initial size of the heap in bytes.
It defaults to 384 MiB. Setting it to a low value reduces memory
consumption, but will increase runtime due to the overhead of
garbage collection.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</chapter>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='ch-files'>
<title>Files</title>
<para>This section lists configuration files that you can use when you
work with Nix.</para>
<xi:include href="conf-file.xml" />
</chapter>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='ch-main-commands'>
<title>Main Commands</title>
<para>This section lists commands and options that you can use when you
work with Nix.</para>
<xi:include href="nix-env.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-build.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-shell.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-store.xml" />
</chapter>

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<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-build">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-build</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-build</refname>
<refpurpose>build a Nix expression</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-build</command>
<xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" href="opt-common-syn.xml#xmlns(db=http://docbook.org/ns/docbook)xpointer(/db:nop/*)" />
<arg><option>--arg</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--argstr</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></arg>
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--attr</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-A</option></arg>
</group>
<replaceable>attrPath</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg><option>--no-out-link</option></arg>
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--out-link</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-o</option></arg>
</group>
<replaceable>outlink</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>paths</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>The <command>nix-build</command> command builds the derivations
described by the Nix expressions in <replaceable>paths</replaceable>.
If the build succeeds, it places a symlink to the result in the
current directory. The symlink is called <filename>result</filename>.
If there are multiple Nix expressions, or the Nix expressions evaluate
to multiple derivations, multiple sequentially numbered symlinks are
created (<filename>result</filename>, <filename>result-2</filename>,
and so on).</para>
<para>If no <replaceable>paths</replaceable> are specified, then
<command>nix-build</command> will use <filename>default.nix</filename>
in the current directory, if it exists.</para>
<para>If an element of <replaceable>paths</replaceable> starts with
<literal>http://</literal> or <literal>https://</literal>, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and
unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single
top-level directory containing at least a file named
<filename>default.nix</filename>.</para>
<para><command>nix-build</command> is essentially a wrapper around
<link
linkend="sec-nix-instantiate"><command>nix-instantiate</command></link>
(to translate a high-level Nix expression to a low-level store
derivation) and <link
linkend="rsec-nix-store-realise"><command>nix-store
--realise</command></link> (to build the store derivation).</para>
<warning><para>The result of the build is automatically registered as
a root of the Nix garbage collector. This root disappears
automatically when the <filename>result</filename> symlink is deleted
or renamed. So don’t rename the symlink.</para></warning>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Options</title>
<para>All options not listed here are passed to <command>nix-store
--realise</command>, except for <option>--arg</option> and
<option>--attr</option> / <option>-A</option> which are passed to
<command>nix-instantiate</command>. <phrase condition="manual">See
also <xref linkend="sec-common-options" />.</phrase></para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><option>--no-out-link</option></term>
<listitem><para>Do not create a symlink to the output path. Note
that as a result the output does not become a root of the garbage
collector, and so might be deleted by <command>nix-store
--gc</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id='opt-out-link'><term><option>--out-link</option> /
<option>-o</option> <replaceable>outlink</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Change the name of the symlink to the output path
created from <filename>result</filename> to
<replaceable>outlink</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The following common options are supported:</para>
<variablelist condition="manpage">
<xi:include href="opt-common.xml#xmlns(db=http://docbook.org/ns/docbook)xpointer(//db:variablelist[@xml:id='opt-common']/*)" />
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Examples</title>
<screen>
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs>' -A firefox
store derivation is /nix/store/qybprl8sz2lc...-firefox-1.5.0.7.drv
/nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7
$ ls -l result
lrwxrwxrwx <replaceable>...</replaceable> result -> /nix/store/d18hyl92g30l...-firefox-1.5.0.7
$ ls ./result/bin/
firefox firefox-config</screen>
<para>If a derivation has multiple outputs,
<command>nix-build</command> will build the default (first) output.
You can also build all outputs:
<screen>
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs>' -A openssl.all
</screen>
This will create a symlink for each output named
<filename>result-<replaceable>outputname</replaceable></filename>.
The suffix is omitted if the output name is <literal>out</literal>.
So if <literal>openssl</literal> has outputs <literal>out</literal>,
<literal>bin</literal> and <literal>man</literal>,
<command>nix-build</command> will create symlinks
<literal>result</literal>, <literal>result-bin</literal> and
<literal>result-man</literal>. It’s also possible to build a specific
output:
<screen>
$ nix-build '&lt;nixpkgs>' -A openssl.man
</screen>
This will create a symlink <literal>result-man</literal>.</para>
<para>Build a Nix expression given on the command line:
<screen>
$ nix-build -E 'with import &lt;nixpkgs> { }; runCommand "foo" { } "echo bar > $out"'
$ cat ./result
bar
</screen>
</para>
<para>Build the GNU Hello package from the latest revision of the
master branch of Nixpkgs:
<screen>
$ nix-build https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/archive/master.tar.gz -A hello
</screen>
</para>
</refsection>
<refsection condition="manpage"><title>Environment variables</title>
<variablelist>
<xi:include href="env-common.xml#xmlns(db=http://docbook.org/ns/docbook)xpointer(//db:variablelist[@xml:id='env-common']/*)" />
</variablelist>
</refsection>
</refentry>

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<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-channel">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-channel</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-channel</refname>
<refpurpose>manage Nix channels</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-channel</command>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--add</option> <replaceable>url</replaceable> <arg choice='opt'><replaceable>name</replaceable></arg></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--remove</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--list</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--update</option> <arg rep='repeat'><replaceable>names</replaceable></arg></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--rollback</option> <arg choice='opt'><replaceable>generation</replaceable></arg></arg>
</group>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>A Nix channel is a mechanism that allows you to automatically
stay up-to-date with a set of pre-built Nix expressions. A Nix
channel is just a URL that points to a place containing a set of Nix
expressions. <phrase condition="manual">See also <xref
linkend="sec-channels" />.</phrase></para>
<para>This command has the following operations:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><option>--add</option> <replaceable>url</replaceable> [<replaceable>name</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>Adds a channel named
<replaceable>name</replaceable> with URL
<replaceable>url</replaceable> to the list of subscribed channels.
If <replaceable>name</replaceable> is omitted, it defaults to the
last component of <replaceable>url</replaceable>, with the
suffixes <literal>-stable</literal> or
<literal>-unstable</literal> removed.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--remove</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Removes the channel named
<replaceable>name</replaceable> from the list of subscribed
channels.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--list</option></term>
<listitem><para>Prints the names and URLs of all subscribed
channels on standard output.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--update</option> [<replaceable>names</replaceable>…]</term>
<listitem><para>Downloads the Nix expressions of all subscribed
channels (or only those included in
<replaceable>names</replaceable> if specified) and makes them the
default for <command>nix-env</command> operations (by symlinking
them from the directory
<filename>~/.nix-defexpr</filename>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--rollback</option> [<replaceable>generation</replaceable>]</term>
<listitem><para>Reverts the previous call to <command>nix-channel
--update</command>. Optionally, you can specify a specific channel
generation number to restore.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>Note that <option>--add</option> does not automatically perform
an update.</para>
<para>The list of subscribed channels is stored in
<filename>~/.nix-channels</filename>.</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Examples</title>
<para>To subscribe to the Nixpkgs channel and install the GNU Hello package:</para>
<screen>
$ nix-channel --add https://nixos.org/channels/nixpkgs-unstable
$ nix-channel --update
$ nix-env -iA nixpkgs.hello</screen>
<para>You can revert channel updates using <option>--rollback</option>:</para>
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '(import &lt;nixpkgs> {}).lib.nixpkgsVersion'
"14.04.527.0e935f1"
$ nix-channel --rollback
switching from generation 483 to 482
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '(import &lt;nixpkgs> {}).lib.nixpkgsVersion'
"14.04.526.dbadfad"
</screen>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Files</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/<replaceable>username</replaceable>/channels</filename></term>
<listitem><para><command>nix-channel</command> uses a
<command>nix-env</command> profile to keep track of previous
versions of the subscribed channels. Every time you run
<command>nix-channel --update</command>, a new channel generation
(that is, a symlink to the channel Nix expressions in the Nix store)
is created. This enables <command>nix-channel --rollback</command>
to revert to previous versions.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><filename>~/.nix-defexpr/channels</filename></term>
<listitem><para>This is a symlink to
<filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles/per-user/<replaceable>username</replaceable>/channels</filename>. It
ensures that <command>nix-env</command> can find your channels. In
a multi-user installation, you may also have
<filename>~/.nix-defexpr/channels_root</filename>, which links to
the channels of the root user.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Channel format</title>
<para>A channel URL should point to a directory containing the
following files:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><filename>nixexprs.tar.xz</filename></term>
<listitem><para>A tarball containing Nix expressions and files
referenced by them (such as build scripts and patches). At the
top level, the tarball should contain a single directory. That
directory must contain a file <filename>default.nix</filename>
that serves as the channel’s “entry point”.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
</refentry>

63
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@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-collect-garbage">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-collect-garbage</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-collect-garbage</refname>
<refpurpose>delete unreachable store paths</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-collect-garbage</command>
<arg><option>--delete-old</option></arg>
<arg><option>-d</option></arg>
<arg><option>--delete-older-than</option> <replaceable>period</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--max-freed</option> <replaceable>bytes</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--dry-run</option></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>The command <command>nix-collect-garbage</command> is mostly an
alias of <link linkend="rsec-nix-store-gc"><command>nix-store
--gc</command></link>, that is, it deletes all unreachable paths in
the Nix store to clean up your system. However, it provides two
additional options: <option>-d</option> (<option>--delete-old</option>),
which deletes all old generations of all profiles in
<filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles</filename> by invoking
<literal>nix-env --delete-generations old</literal> on all profiles
(of course, this makes rollbacks to previous configurations
impossible); and
<option>--delete-older-than</option> <replaceable>period</replaceable>,
where period is a value such as <literal>30d</literal>, which deletes
all generations older than the specified number of days in all profiles
in <filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles</filename> (except for the generations
that were active at that point in time).
</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Example</title>
<para>To delete from the Nix store everything that is not used by the
current generations of each profile, do
<screen>
$ nix-collect-garbage -d</screen>
</para>
</refsection>
</refentry>

169
doc/manual/command-ref/nix-copy-closure.xml
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@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
xml:id="sec-nix-copy-closure">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-copy-closure</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-copy-closure</refname>
<refpurpose>copy a closure to or from a remote machine via SSH</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-copy-closure</command>
<group>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--to</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--from</option></arg>
</group>
<arg><option>--gzip</option></arg>
<!--
<arg><option>- -show-progress</option></arg>
-->
<arg><option>--include-outputs</option></arg>
<group>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--use-substitutes</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-s</option></arg>
</group>
<arg><option>-v</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'>
<replaceable>user@</replaceable><replaceable>machine</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg choice='plain'><replaceable>paths</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para><command>nix-copy-closure</command> gives you an easy and
efficient way to exchange software between machines. Given one or
more Nix store <replaceable>paths</replaceable> on the local
machine, <command>nix-copy-closure</command> computes the closure of
those paths (i.e. all their dependencies in the Nix store), and copies
all paths in the closure to the remote machine via the
<command>ssh</command> (Secure Shell) command. With the
<option>--from</option>, the direction is reversed:
the closure of <replaceable>paths</replaceable> on a remote machine is
copied to the Nix store on the local machine.</para>
<para>This command is efficient because it only sends the store paths
that are missing on the target machine.</para>
<para>Since <command>nix-copy-closure</command> calls
<command>ssh</command>, you may be asked to type in the appropriate
password or passphrase. In fact, you may be asked
<emphasis>twice</emphasis> because <command>nix-copy-closure</command>
currently connects twice to the remote machine, first to get the set
of paths missing on the target machine, and second to send the dump of
those paths. If this bothers you, use
<command>ssh-agent</command>.</para>
<refsection><title>Options</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><option>--to</option></term>
<listitem><para>Copy the closure of
<replaceable>paths</replaceable> from the local Nix store to the
Nix store on <replaceable>machine</replaceable>. This is the
default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--from</option></term>
<listitem><para>Copy the closure of
<replaceable>paths</replaceable> from the Nix store on
<replaceable>machine</replaceable> to the local Nix
store.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--gzip</option></term>
<listitem><para>Enable compression of the SSH
connection.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--include-outputs</option></term>
<listitem><para>Also copy the outputs of store derivations
included in the closure.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--use-substitutes</option> / <option>-s</option></term>
<listitem><para>Attempt to download missing paths on the target
machine using Nix’s substitute mechanism. Any paths that cannot
be substituted on the target are still copied normally from the
source. This is useful, for instance, if the connection between
the source and target machine is slow, but the connection between
the target machine and <literal>nixos.org</literal> (the default
binary cache server) is fast.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>-v</option></term>
<listitem><para>Show verbose output.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Environment variables</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_SSHOPTS</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Additional options to be passed to
<command>ssh</command> on the command line.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Examples</title>
<para>Copy Firefox with all its dependencies to a remote machine:
<screen>
$ nix-copy-closure --to alice@itchy.labs $(type -tP firefox)</screen>
</para>
<para>Copy Subversion from a remote machine and then install it into a
user environment:
<screen>
$ nix-copy-closure --from alice@itchy.labs \
/nix/store/0dj0503hjxy5mbwlafv1rsbdiyx1gkdy-subversion-1.4.4
$ nix-env -i /nix/store/0dj0503hjxy5mbwlafv1rsbdiyx1gkdy-subversion-1.4.4
</screen>
</para>
</refsection>
</refsection>
</refentry>

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doc/manual/command-ref/nix-daemon.xml
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<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-daemon">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-daemon</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-daemon</refname>
<refpurpose>Nix multi-user support daemon</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-daemon</command>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>The Nix daemon is necessary in multi-user Nix installations. It
performs build actions and other operations on the Nix store on behalf
of unprivileged users.</para>
</refsection>
</refentry>

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<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-hash">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-hash</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-hash</refname>
<refpurpose>compute the cryptographic hash of a path</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-hash</command>
<arg><option>--flat</option></arg>
<arg><option>--base32</option></arg>
<arg><option>--truncate</option></arg>
<arg><option>--type</option> <replaceable>hashAlgo</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>path</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-hash</command>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--to-base16</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>hash</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-hash</command>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--to-base32</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>hash</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>The command <command>nix-hash</command> computes the
cryptographic hash of the contents of each
<replaceable>path</replaceable> and prints it on standard output. By
default, it computes an MD5 hash, but other hash algorithms are
available as well. The hash is printed in hexadecimal. To generate
the same hash as <command>nix-prefetch-url</command> you have to
specify multiple arguments, see below for an example.</para>
<para>The hash is computed over a <emphasis>serialisation</emphasis>
of each path: a dump of the file system tree rooted at the path. This
allows directories and symlinks to be hashed as well as regular files.
The dump is in the <emphasis>NAR format</emphasis> produced by <link
linkend="refsec-nix-store-dump"><command>nix-store</command>
<option>--dump</option></link>. Thus, <literal>nix-hash
<replaceable>path</replaceable></literal> yields the same
cryptographic hash as <literal>nix-store --dump
<replaceable>path</replaceable> | md5sum</literal>.</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Options</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><option>--flat</option></term>
<listitem><para>Print the cryptographic hash of the contents of
each regular file <replaceable>path</replaceable>. That is, do
not compute the hash over the dump of
<replaceable>path</replaceable>. The result is identical to that
produced by the GNU commands <command>md5sum</command> and
<command>sha1sum</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--base32</option></term>
<listitem><para>Print the hash in a base-32 representation rather
than hexadecimal. This base-32 representation is more compact and
can be used in Nix expressions (such as in calls to
<function>fetchurl</function>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--truncate</option></term>
<listitem><para>Truncate hashes longer than 160 bits (such as
SHA-256) to 160 bits.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--type</option> <replaceable>hashAlgo</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm,
which can be one of <literal>md5</literal>,
<literal>sha1</literal>, and
<literal>sha256</literal>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--to-base16</option></term>
<listitem><para>Don’t hash anything, but convert the base-32 hash
representation <replaceable>hash</replaceable> to
hexadecimal.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--to-base32</option></term>
<listitem><para>Don’t hash anything, but convert the hexadecimal
hash representation <replaceable>hash</replaceable> to
base-32.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Examples</title>
<para>Computing the same hash as <command>nix-prefetch-url</command>:
<screen>
$ nix-prefetch-url file://&lt;(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat --base32 &lt;(echo test)
1lkgqb6fclns49861dwk9rzb6xnfkxbpws74mxnx01z9qyv1pjpj
</screen>
</para>
<para>Computing hashes:
<screen>
$ mkdir test
$ echo "hello" > test/world
$ nix-hash test/ <lineannotation>(MD5 hash; default)</lineannotation>
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04
$ nix-store --dump test/ | md5sum <lineannotation>(for comparison)</lineannotation>
8179d3caeff1869b5ba1744e5a245c04 -
$ nix-hash --type sha1 test/
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --base32 test/
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/
error: reading file `test/': Is a directory
$ nix-hash --type sha256 --flat test/world
5891b5b522d5df086d0ff0b110fbd9d21bb4fc7163af34d08286a2e846f6be03</screen>
</para>
<para>Converting between hexadecimal and base-32:
<screen>
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base32 e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6
nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
$ nix-hash --type sha1 --to-base16 nvd61k9nalji1zl9rrdfmsmvyyjqpzg4
e4fd8ba5f7bbeaea5ace89fe10255536cd60dab6</screen>
</para>
</refsection>
</refentry>

266
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@ -1,266 +0,0 @@
<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-instantiate">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-instantiate</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-instantiate</refname>
<refpurpose>instantiate store derivations from Nix expressions</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-instantiate</command>
<group>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--parse</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'>
<option>--eval</option>
<arg><option>--strict</option></arg>
<arg><option>--json</option></arg>
<arg><option>--xml</option></arg>
</arg>
</group>
<arg><option>--read-write-mode</option></arg>
<arg><option>--arg</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></arg>
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--attr</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-A</option></arg>
</group>
<replaceable>attrPath</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg><option>--add-root</option> <replaceable>path</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--indirect</option></arg>
<group>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--expr</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-E</option></arg>
</group>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>files</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-instantiate</command>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--find-file</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>files</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>The command <command>nix-instantiate</command> generates <link
linkend="gloss-derivation">store derivations</link> from (high-level)
Nix expressions. It evaluates the Nix expressions in each of
<replaceable>files</replaceable> (which defaults to
<replaceable>./default.nix</replaceable>). Each top-level expression
should evaluate to a derivation, a list of derivations, or a set of
derivations. The paths of the resulting store derivations are printed
on standard output.</para>
<para>If <replaceable>files</replaceable> is the character
<literal>-</literal>, then a Nix expression will be read from standard
input.</para>
<para condition="manual">See also <xref linkend="sec-common-options"
/> for a list of common options.</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Options</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry>
<term><option>--add-root</option> <replaceable>path</replaceable></term>
<term><option>--indirect</option></term>
<listitem><para>See the <link linkend="opt-add-root">corresponding
options</link> in <command>nix-store</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--parse</option></term>
<listitem><para>Just parse the input files, and print their
abstract syntax trees on standard output in ATerm
format.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--eval</option></term>
<listitem><para>Just parse and evaluate the input files, and print
the resulting values on standard output. No instantiation of
store derivations takes place.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--find-file</option></term>
<listitem><para>Look up the given files in Nix’s search path (as
specified by the <envar linkend="env-NIX_PATH">NIX_PATH</envar>
environment variable). If found, print the corresponding absolute
paths on standard output. For instance, if
<envar>NIX_PATH</envar> is
<literal>nixpkgs=/home/alice/nixpkgs</literal>, then
<literal>nix-instantiate --find-file nixpkgs/default.nix</literal>
will print
<literal>/home/alice/nixpkgs/default.nix</literal>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--strict</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <option>--eval</option>,
recursively evaluate list elements and attributes. Normally, such
sub-expressions are left unevaluated (since the Nix expression
language is lazy).</para>
<warning><para>This option can cause non-termination, because lazy
data structures can be infinitely large.</para></warning>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--json</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <option>--eval</option>, print the resulting
value as an JSON representation of the abstract syntax tree rather
than as an ATerm.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--xml</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <option>--eval</option>, print the resulting
value as an XML representation of the abstract syntax tree rather than as
an ATerm. The schema is the same as that used by the <link
linkend="builtin-toXML"><function>toXML</function> built-in</link>.
</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--read-write-mode</option></term>
<listitem><para>When used with <option>--eval</option>, perform
evaluation in read/write mode so nix language features that
require it will still work (at the cost of needing to do
instantiation of every evaluated derivation). If this option is
not enabled, there may be uninstantiated store paths in the final
output.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<variablelist condition="manpage">
<xi:include href="opt-common.xml#xmlns(db=http://docbook.org/ns/docbook)xpointer(//db:variablelist[@xml:id='opt-common']/*)" />
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Examples</title>
<para>Instantiating store derivations from a Nix expression, and
building them using <command>nix-store</command>:
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate test.nix <lineannotation>(instantiate)</lineannotation>
/nix/store/cigxbmvy6dzix98dxxh9b6shg7ar5bvs-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26.drv
$ nix-store -r $(nix-instantiate test.nix) <lineannotation>(build)</lineannotation>
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
/nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26 <lineannotation>(output path)</lineannotation>
$ ls -l /nix/store/qhqk4n8ci095g3sdp93x7rgwyh9rdvgk-perl-BerkeleyDB-0.26
dr-xr-xr-x 2 eelco users 4096 1970-01-01 01:00 lib
...</screen>
</para>
<para>You can also give a Nix expression on the command line:
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate -E 'with import &lt;nixpkgs> { }; hello'
/nix/store/j8s4zyv75a724q38cb0r87rlczaiag4y-hello-2.8.drv
</screen>
This is equivalent to:
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate '&lt;nixpkgs>' -A hello
</screen>
</para>
<para>Parsing and evaluating Nix expressions:
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate --parse -E '1 + 2'
1 + 2
$ nix-instantiate --eval -E '1 + 2'
3
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml -E '1 + 2'
<![CDATA[<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<expr>
<int value="3" />
</expr>]]></screen>
</para>
<para>The difference between non-strict and strict evaluation:
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml -E 'rec { x = "foo"; y = x; }'
<replaceable>...</replaceable><![CDATA[
<attr name="x">
<string value="foo" />
</attr>
<attr name="y">
<unevaluated />
</attr>]]>
<replaceable>...</replaceable></screen>
Note that <varname>y</varname> is left unevaluated (the XML
representation doesn’t attempt to show non-normal forms).
<screen>
$ nix-instantiate --eval --xml --strict -E 'rec { x = "foo"; y = x; }'
<replaceable>...</replaceable><![CDATA[
<attr name="x">
<string value="foo" />
</attr>
<attr name="y">
<string value="foo" />
</attr>]]>
<replaceable>...</replaceable></screen>
</para>
</refsection>
<refsection condition="manpage"><title>Environment variables</title>
<variablelist>
<xi:include href="env-common.xml#xmlns(db=http://docbook.org/ns/docbook)xpointer(//db:variablelist[@xml:id='env-common']/*)" />
</variablelist>
</refsection>
</refentry>

131
doc/manual/command-ref/nix-prefetch-url.xml
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@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-prefetch-url">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-prefetch-url</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-prefetch-url</refname>
<refpurpose>copy a file from a URL into the store and print its hash</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-prefetch-url</command>
<arg><option>--version</option></arg>
<arg><option>--type</option> <replaceable>hashAlgo</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--print-path</option></arg>
<arg><option>--unpack</option></arg>
<arg><option>--name</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><replaceable>url</replaceable></arg>
<arg><replaceable>hash</replaceable></arg>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>The command <command>nix-prefetch-url</command> downloads the
file referenced by the URL <replaceable>url</replaceable>, prints its
cryptographic hash, and copies it into the Nix store. The file name
in the store is
<filename><replaceable>hash</replaceable>-<replaceable>baseName</replaceable></filename>,
where <replaceable>baseName</replaceable> is everything following the
final slash in <replaceable>url</replaceable>.</para>
<para>This command is just a convenience for Nix expression writers.
Often a Nix expression fetches some source distribution from the
network using the <literal>fetchurl</literal> expression contained in
Nixpkgs. However, <literal>fetchurl</literal> requires a
cryptographic hash. If you don't know the hash, you would have to
download the file first, and then <literal>fetchurl</literal> would
download it again when you build your Nix expression. Since
<literal>fetchurl</literal> uses the same name for the downloaded file
as <command>nix-prefetch-url</command>, the redundant download can be
avoided.</para>
<para>If <replaceable>hash</replaceable> is specified, then a download
is not performed if the Nix store already contains a file with the
same hash and base name. Otherwise, the file is downloaded, and an
error if signaled if the actual hash of the file does not match the
specified hash.</para>
<para>This command prints the hash on standard output. Additionally,
if the option <option>--print-path</option> is used, the path of the
downloaded file in the Nix store is also printed.</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Options</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><option>--type</option> <replaceable>hashAlgo</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Use the specified cryptographic hash algorithm,
which can be one of <literal>md5</literal>,
<literal>sha1</literal>, and
<literal>sha256</literal>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--print-path</option></term>
<listitem><para>Print the store path of the downloaded file on
standard output.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--unpack</option></term>
<listitem><para>Unpack the archive (which must be a tarball or zip
file) and add the result to the Nix store. The resulting hash can
be used with functions such as Nixpkgs’s
<varname>fetchzip</varname> or
<varname>fetchFromGitHub</varname>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--name</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Override the name of the file in the Nix store. By
default, this is
<literal><replaceable>hash</replaceable>-<replaceable>basename</replaceable></literal>,
where <replaceable>basename</replaceable> is the last component of
<replaceable>url</replaceable>. Overriding the name is necessary
when <replaceable>basename</replaceable> contains characters that
are not allowed in Nix store paths.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Examples</title>
<screen>
$ nix-prefetch-url ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
$ nix-prefetch-url --print-path mirror://gnu/hello/hello-2.10.tar.gz
0ssi1wpaf7plaswqqjwigppsg5fyh99vdlb9kzl7c9lng89ndq1i
/nix/store/3x7dwzq014bblazs7kq20p9hyzz0qh8g-hello-2.10.tar.gz
$ nix-prefetch-url --unpack --print-path https://github.com/NixOS/patchelf/archive/0.8.tar.gz
079agjlv0hrv7fxnx9ngipx14gyncbkllxrp9cccnh3a50fxcmy7
/nix/store/19zrmhm3m40xxaw81c8cqm6aljgrnwj2-0.8.tar.gz
</screen>
</refsection>
</refentry>

397
doc/manual/command-ref/nix-shell.xml
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@ -1,397 +0,0 @@
<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-nix-shell">
<refmeta>
<refentrytitle>nix-shell</refentrytitle>
<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
<refmiscinfo class="source">Nix</refmiscinfo>
<refmiscinfo class="version"><xi:include href="../version.txt" parse="text"/></refmiscinfo>
</refmeta>
<refnamediv>
<refname>nix-shell</refname>
<refpurpose>start an interactive shell based on a Nix expression</refpurpose>
</refnamediv>
<refsynopsisdiv>
<cmdsynopsis>
<command>nix-shell</command>
<arg><option>--arg</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--argstr</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></arg>
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--attr</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-A</option></arg>
</group>
<replaceable>attrPath</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg><option>--command</option> <replaceable>cmd</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--run</option> <replaceable>cmd</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--exclude</option> <replaceable>regexp</replaceable></arg>
<arg><option>--pure</option></arg>
<arg><option>--keep</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable></arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--packages</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-p</option></arg>
</group>
<arg choice='plain' rep='repeat'><replaceable>packages</replaceable></arg>
</arg>
<arg><replaceable>path</replaceable></arg>
</group>
</cmdsynopsis>
</refsynopsisdiv>
<refsection><title>Description</title>
<para>The command <command>nix-shell</command> will build the
dependencies of the specified derivation, but not the derivation
itself. It will then start an interactive shell in which all
environment variables defined by the derivation
<replaceable>path</replaceable> have been set to their corresponding
values, and the script <literal>$stdenv/setup</literal> has been
sourced. This is useful for reproducing the environment of a
derivation for development.</para>
<para>If <replaceable>path</replaceable> is not given,
<command>nix-shell</command> defaults to
<filename>shell.nix</filename> if it exists, and
<filename>default.nix</filename> otherwise.</para>
<para>If <replaceable>path</replaceable> starts with
<literal>http://</literal> or <literal>https://</literal>, it is
interpreted as the URL of a tarball that will be downloaded and
unpacked to a temporary location. The tarball must include a single
top-level directory containing at least a file named
<filename>default.nix</filename>.</para>
<para>If the derivation defines the variable
<varname>shellHook</varname>, it will be evaluated after
<literal>$stdenv/setup</literal> has been sourced. Since this hook is
not executed by regular Nix builds, it allows you to perform
initialisation specific to <command>nix-shell</command>. For example,
the derivation attribute
<programlisting>
shellHook =
''
echo "Hello shell"
'';
</programlisting>
will cause <command>nix-shell</command> to print <literal>Hello shell</literal>.</para>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Options</title>
<para>All options not listed here are passed to <command>nix-store
--realise</command>, except for <option>--arg</option> and
<option>--attr</option> / <option>-A</option> which are passed to
<command>nix-instantiate</command>. <phrase condition="manual">See
also <xref linkend="sec-common-options" />.</phrase></para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><option>--command</option> <replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>In the environment of the derivation, run the
shell command <replaceable>cmd</replaceable>. This command is
executed in an interactive shell. (Use <option>--run</option> to
use a non-interactive shell instead.) However, a call to
<literal>exit</literal> is implicitly added to the command, so the
shell will exit after running the command. To prevent this, add
<literal>return</literal> at the end; e.g. <literal>--command
"echo Hello; return"</literal> will print <literal>Hello</literal>
and then drop you into the interactive shell. This can be useful
for doing any additional initialisation.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--run</option> <replaceable>cmd</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Like <option>--command</option>, but executes the
command in a non-interactive shell. This means (among other
things) that if you hit Ctrl-C while the command is running, the
shell exits.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--exclude</option> <replaceable>regexp</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Do not build any dependencies whose store path
matches the regular expression <replaceable>regexp</replaceable>.
This option may be specified multiple times.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--pure</option></term>
<listitem><para>If this flag is specified, the environment is
almost entirely cleared before the interactive shell is started,
so you get an environment that more closely corresponds to the
“real” Nix build. A few variables, in particular
<envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>USER</envar> and
<envar>DISPLAY</envar>, are retained. Note that
<filename>~/.bashrc</filename> and (depending on your Bash
installation) <filename>/etc/bashrc</filename> are still sourced,
so any variables set there will affect the interactive
shell.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--packages</option> / <option>-p</option> <replaceable>packages</replaceable>…</term>
<listitem><para>Set up an environment in which the specified
packages are present. The command line arguments are interpreted
as attribute names inside the Nix Packages collection. Thus,
<literal>nix-shell -p libjpeg openjdk</literal> will start a shell
in which the packages denoted by the attribute names
<varname>libjpeg</varname> and <varname>openjdk</varname> are
present.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>-i</option> <replaceable>interpreter</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>The chained script interpreter to be invoked by
<command>nix-shell</command>. Only applicable in
<literal>#!</literal>-scripts (described <link
linkend="ssec-nix-shell-shebang">below</link>).</para>
</listitem></varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--keep</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>When a <option>--pure</option> shell is started,
keep the listed environment variables.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>The following common options are supported:</para>
<variablelist condition="manpage">
<xi:include href="opt-common.xml#xmlns(db=http://docbook.org/ns/docbook)xpointer(//db:variablelist[@xml:id='opt-common']/*)" />
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Environment variables</title>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><envar>NIX_BUILD_SHELL</envar></term>
<listitem><para>Shell used to start the interactive environment.
Defaults to the <command>bash</command> found in <envar>PATH</envar>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</refsection>
<refsection><title>Examples</title>
<para>To build the dependencies of the package Pan, and start an
interactive shell in which to build it:
<screen>
$ nix-shell '&lt;nixpkgs>' -A pan
[nix-shell]$ unpackPhase
[nix-shell]$ cd pan-*
[nix-shell]$ configurePhase
[nix-shell]$ buildPhase
[nix-shell]$ ./pan/gui/pan
</screen>
To clear the environment first, and do some additional automatic
initialisation of the interactive shell:
<screen>
$ nix-shell '&lt;nixpkgs>' -A pan --pure \
--command 'export NIX_DEBUG=1; export NIX_CORES=8; return'
</screen>
Nix expressions can also be given on the command line. For instance,
the following starts a shell containing the packages
<literal>sqlite</literal> and <literal>libX11</literal>:
<screen>
$ nix-shell -E 'with import &lt;nixpkgs> { }; runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ sqlite xorg.libX11 ]; } ""'
</screen>
A shorter way to do the same is:
<screen>
$ nix-shell -p sqlite xorg.libX11
[nix-shell]$ echo $NIX_LDFLAGS
… -L/nix/store/j1zg5v…-sqlite-3.8.0.2/lib -L/nix/store/0gmcz9…-libX11-1.6.1/lib …
</screen>
The <command>-p</command> flag looks up Nixpkgs in the Nix search
path. You can override it by passing <option>-I</option> or setting
<envar>NIX_PATH</envar>. For example, the following gives you a shell
containing the Pan package from a specific revision of Nixpkgs:
<screen>
$ nix-shell -p pan -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/8a3eea054838b55aca962c3fbde9c83c102b8bf2.tar.gz
[nix-shell:~]$ pan --version
Pan 0.139
</screen>
</para>
</refsection>
<refsection xml:id="ssec-nix-shell-shebang"><title>Use as a <literal>#!</literal>-interpreter</title>
<para>You can use <command>nix-shell</command> as a script interpreter
to allow scripts written in arbitrary languages to obtain their own
dependencies via Nix. This is done by starting the script with the
following lines:
<programlisting>
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i <replaceable>real-interpreter</replaceable> -p <replaceable>packages</replaceable>
</programlisting>
where <replaceable>real-interpreter</replaceable> is the “real” script
interpreter that will be invoked by <command>nix-shell</command> after
it has obtained the dependencies and initialised the environment, and
<replaceable>packages</replaceable> are the attribute names of the
dependencies in Nixpkgs.</para>
<para>The lines starting with <literal>#! nix-shell</literal> specify
<command>nix-shell</command> options (see above). Note that you cannot
write <literal>#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell -i ...</literal> because
many operating systems only allow one argument in
<literal>#!</literal> lines.</para>
<para>For example, here is a Python script that depends on Python and
the <literal>prettytable</literal> package:
<programlisting>
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i python -p python pythonPackages.prettytable
import prettytable
# Print a simple table.
t = prettytable.PrettyTable(["N", "N^2"])
for n in range(1, 10): t.add_row([n, n * n])
print t
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Similarly, the following is a Perl script that specifies that it
requires Perl and the <literal>HTML::TokeParser::Simple</literal> and
<literal>LWP</literal> packages:
<programlisting>
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i perl -p perl perlPackages.HTMLTokeParserSimple perlPackages.LWP
use HTML::TokeParser::Simple;
# Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
my $p = HTML::TokeParser::Simple->new(url => 'http://nixos.org/');
while (my $token = $p->get_tag("a")) {
my $href = $token->get_attr("href");
print "$href\n" if $href;
}
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Sometimes you need to pass a simple Nix expression to customize
a package like Terraform:
<programlisting><![CDATA[
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i bash -p "terraform.withPlugins (plugins: [ plugins.openstack ])"
terraform apply
]]></programlisting>
<note><para>You must use double quotes (<literal>"</literal>) when
passing a simple Nix expression in a nix-shell shebang.</para></note>
</para>
<para>Finally, using the merging of multiple nix-shell shebangs the
following Haskell script uses a specific branch of Nixpkgs/NixOS (the
18.03 stable branch):
<programlisting><![CDATA[
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell -i runghc -p "haskellPackages.ghcWithPackages (ps: [ps.HTTP ps.tagsoup])"
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/nixos-18.03.tar.gz
import Network.HTTP
import Text.HTML.TagSoup
-- Fetch nixos.org and print all hrefs.
main = do
resp <- Network.HTTP.simpleHTTP (getRequest "http://nixos.org/")
body <- getResponseBody resp
let tags = filter (isTagOpenName "a") $ parseTags body
let tags' = map (fromAttrib "href") tags
mapM_ putStrLn $ filter (/= "") tags'
]]></programlisting>
If you want to be even more precise, you can specify a specific
revision of Nixpkgs:
<programlisting>
#! nix-shell -I nixpkgs=https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs-channels/archive/0672315759b3e15e2121365f067c1c8c56bb4722.tar.gz
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>The examples above all used <option>-p</option> to get
dependencies from Nixpkgs. You can also use a Nix expression to build
your own dependencies. For example, the Python example could have been
written as:
<programlisting>
#! /usr/bin/env nix-shell
#! nix-shell deps.nix -i python
</programlisting>
where the file <filename>deps.nix</filename> in the same directory
as the <literal>#!</literal>-script contains:
<programlisting>
with import &lt;nixpkgs> {};
runCommand "dummy" { buildInputs = [ python pythonPackages.prettytable ]; } ""
</programlisting>
</para>
</refsection>
<refsection condition="manpage"><title>Environment variables</title>
<variablelist>
<xi:include href="env-common.xml#xmlns(db=http://docbook.org/ns/docbook)xpointer(//db:variablelist[@xml:id='env-common']/*)" />
</variablelist>
</refsection>
</refentry>

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<nop xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
<arg><option>--help</option></arg>
<arg><option>--version</option></arg>
<arg rep='repeat'>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--verbose</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-v</option></arg>
</group>
</arg>
<arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--quiet</option></arg>
</arg>
<arg>
<group choice='plain'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--no-build-output</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-Q</option></arg>
</group>
</arg>
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--max-jobs</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-j</option></arg>
</group>
<replaceable>number</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg>
<option>--cores</option>
<replaceable>number</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg>
<option>--max-silent-time</option>
<replaceable>number</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg>
<option>--timeout</option>
<replaceable>number</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg>
<group choice='plain'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--keep-going</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-k</option></arg>
</group>
</arg>
<arg>
<group choice='plain'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--keep-failed</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-K</option></arg>
</group>
</arg>
<arg><option>--fallback</option></arg>
<arg><option>--readonly-mode</option></arg>
<arg>
<option>-I</option>
<replaceable>path</replaceable>
</arg>
<arg>
<option>--option</option>
<replaceable>name</replaceable>
<replaceable>value</replaceable>
</arg>
<sbr />
</nop>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xml:id="sec-common-options">
<title>Common Options</title>
<para>Most Nix commands accept the following command-line options:</para>
<variablelist xml:id="opt-common">
<varlistentry><term><option>--help</option></term>
<listitem><para>Prints out a summary of the command syntax and
exits.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--version</option></term>
<listitem><para>Prints out the Nix version number on standard output
and exits.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--verbose</option> / <option>-v</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Increases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages
printed on standard error. For each Nix operation, the information
printed on standard output is well-defined; any diagnostic
information is printed on standard error, never on standard
output.</para>
<para>This option may be specified repeatedly. Currently, the
following verbosity levels exist:</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term>0</term>
<listitem><para>“Errors only”: only print messages
explaining why the Nix invocation failed.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term>1</term>
<listitem><para>“Informational”: print
<emphasis>useful</emphasis> messages about what Nix is doing.
This is the default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term>2</term>
<listitem><para>“Talkative”: print more informational
messages.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term>3</term>
<listitem><para>“Chatty”: print even more
informational messages.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term>4</term>
<listitem><para>“Debug”: print debug
information.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term>5</term>
<listitem><para>“Vomit”: print vast amounts of debug
information.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--quiet</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Decreases the level of verbosity of diagnostic messages
printed on standard error. This is the inverse option to
<option>-v</option> / <option>--verbose</option>.
</para>
<para>This option may be specified repeatedly. See the previous
verbosity levels list.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--no-build-output</option> / <option>-Q</option></term>
<listitem><para>By default, output written by builders to standard
output and standard error is echoed to the Nix command's standard
error. This option suppresses this behaviour. Note that the
builder's standard output and error are always written to a log file
in
<filename><replaceable>prefix</replaceable>/nix/var/log/nix</filename>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="opt-max-jobs"><term><option>--max-jobs</option> / <option>-j</option>
<replaceable>number</replaceable></term>
<listitem>
<para>Sets the maximum number of build jobs that Nix will
perform in parallel to the specified number. Specify
<literal>auto</literal> to use the number of CPUs in the system.
The default is specified by the <link
linkend='conf-max-jobs'><literal>max-jobs</literal></link>
configuration setting, which itself defaults to
<literal>1</literal>. A higher value is useful on SMP systems or to
exploit I/O latency.</para>
<para> Setting it to <literal>0</literal> disallows building on the local
machine, which is useful when you want builds to happen only on remote
builders.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="opt-cores"><term><option>--cores</option></term>
<listitem><para>Sets the value of the <envar>NIX_BUILD_CORES</envar>
environment variable in the invocation of builders. Builders can
use this variable at their discretion to control the maximum amount
of parallelism. For instance, in Nixpkgs, if the derivation
attribute <varname>enableParallelBuilding</varname> is set to
<literal>true</literal>, the builder passes the
<option>-j<replaceable>N</replaceable></option> flag to GNU Make.
It defaults to the value of the <link
linkend='conf-cores'><literal>cores</literal></link>
configuration setting, if set, or <literal>1</literal> otherwise.
The value <literal>0</literal> means that the builder should use all
available CPU cores in the system.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="opt-max-silent-time"><term><option>--max-silent-time</option></term>
<listitem><para>Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder
can go without producing any data on standard output or standard
error. The default is specified by the <link
linkend='conf-max-silent-time'><literal>max-silent-time</literal></link>
configuration setting. <literal>0</literal> means no
time-out.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="opt-timeout"><term><option>--timeout</option></term>
<listitem><para>Sets the maximum number of seconds that a builder
can run. The default is specified by the <link
linkend='conf-timeout'><literal>timeout</literal></link>
configuration setting. <literal>0</literal> means no
timeout.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--keep-going</option> / <option>-k</option></term>
<listitem><para>Keep going in case of failed builds, to the
greatest extent possible. That is, if building an input of some
derivation fails, Nix will still build the other inputs, but not the
derivation itself. Without this option, Nix stops if any build
fails (except for builds of substitutes), possibly killing builds in
progress (in case of parallel or distributed builds).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--keep-failed</option> / <option>-K</option></term>
<listitem><para>Specifies that in case of a build failure, the
temporary directory (usually in <filename>/tmp</filename>) in which
the build takes place should not be deleted. The path of the build
directory is printed as an informational message.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--fallback</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Whenever Nix attempts to build a derivation for which
substitutes are known for each output path, but realising the output
paths through the substitutes fails, fall back on building the
derivation.</para>
<para>The most common scenario in which this is useful is when we
have registered substitutes in order to perform binary distribution
from, say, a network repository. If the repository is down, the
realisation of the derivation will fail. When this option is
specified, Nix will build the derivation instead. Thus,
installation from binaries falls back on installation from source.
This option is not the default since it is generally not desirable
for a transient failure in obtaining the substitutes to lead to a
full build from source (with the related consumption of
resources).</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--no-build-hook</option></term>
<listitem>
<para>Disables the build hook mechanism. This allows to ignore remote
builders if they are setup on the machine.</para>
<para>It's useful in cases where the bandwidth between the client and the
remote builder is too low. In that case it can take more time to upload the
sources to the remote builder and fetch back the result than to do the
computation locally.</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--readonly-mode</option></term>
<listitem><para>When this option is used, no attempt is made to open
the Nix database. Most Nix operations do need database access, so
those operations will fail.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--arg</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>This option is accepted by
<command>nix-env</command>, <command>nix-instantiate</command> and
<command>nix-build</command>. When evaluating Nix expressions, the
expression evaluator will automatically try to call functions that
it encounters. It can automatically call functions for which every
argument has a <link linkend='ss-functions'>default value</link>
(e.g., <literal>{ <replaceable>argName</replaceable> ?
<replaceable>defaultValue</replaceable> }:
<replaceable>...</replaceable></literal>). With
<option>--arg</option>, you can also call functions that have
arguments without a default value (or override a default value).
That is, if the evaluator encounters a function with an argument
named <replaceable>name</replaceable>, it will call it with value
<replaceable>value</replaceable>.</para>
<para>For instance, the top-level <literal>default.nix</literal> in
Nixpkgs is actually a function:
<programlisting>
{ # The system (e.g., `i686-linux') for which to build the packages.
system ? builtins.currentSystem
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
}: <replaceable>...</replaceable></programlisting>
So if you call this Nix expression (e.g., when you do
<literal>nix-env -i <replaceable>pkgname</replaceable></literal>),
the function will be called automatically using the value <link
linkend='builtin-currentSystem'><literal>builtins.currentSystem</literal></link>
for the <literal>system</literal> argument. You can override this
using <option>--arg</option>, e.g., <literal>nix-env -i
<replaceable>pkgname</replaceable> --arg system
\"i686-freebsd\"</literal>. (Note that since the argument is a Nix
string literal, you have to escape the quotes.)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--argstr</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>This option is like <option>--arg</option>, only the
value is not a Nix expression but a string. So instead of
<literal>--arg system \"i686-linux\"</literal> (the outer quotes are
to keep the shell happy) you can say <literal>--argstr system
i686-linux</literal>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="opt-attr"><term><option>--attr</option> / <option>-A</option>
<replaceable>attrPath</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Select an attribute from the top-level Nix
expression being evaluated. (<command>nix-env</command>,
<command>nix-instantiate</command>, <command>nix-build</command> and
<command>nix-shell</command> only.) The <emphasis>attribute
path</emphasis> <replaceable>attrPath</replaceable> is a sequence of
attribute names separated by dots. For instance, given a top-level
Nix expression <replaceable>e</replaceable>, the attribute path
<literal>xorg.xorgserver</literal> would cause the expression
<literal><replaceable>e</replaceable>.xorg.xorgserver</literal> to
be used. See <link
linkend='refsec-nix-env-install-examples'><command>nix-env
--install</command></link> for some concrete examples.</para>
<para>In addition to attribute names, you can also specify array
indices. For instance, the attribute path
<literal>foo.3.bar</literal> selects the <literal>bar</literal>
attribute of the fourth element of the array in the
<literal>foo</literal> attribute of the top-level
expression.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--expr</option> / <option>-E</option></term>
<listitem><para>Interpret the command line arguments as a list of
Nix expressions to be parsed and evaluated, rather than as a list
of file names of Nix expressions.
(<command>nix-instantiate</command>, <command>nix-build</command>
and <command>nix-shell</command> only.)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="opt-I"><term><option>-I</option> <replaceable>path</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Add a path to the Nix expression search path. This
option may be given multiple times. See the <envar
linkend="env-NIX_PATH">NIX_PATH</envar> environment variable for
information on the semantics of the Nix search path. Paths added
through <option>-I</option> take precedence over
<envar>NIX_PATH</envar>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--option</option> <replaceable>name</replaceable> <replaceable>value</replaceable></term>
<listitem><para>Set the Nix configuration option
<replaceable>name</replaceable> to <replaceable>value</replaceable>.
This overrides settings in the Nix configuration file (see
<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nix.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><option>--repair</option></term>
<listitem><para>Fix corrupted or missing store paths by
redownloading or rebuilding them. Note that this is slow because it
requires computing a cryptographic hash of the contents of every
path in the closure of the build. Also note the warning under
<command>nix-store --repair-path</command>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</chapter>

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<nop xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--prebuilt-only</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-b</option></arg>
</group>
</arg>
<arg>
<group choice='req'>
<arg choice='plain'><option>--attr</option></arg>
<arg choice='plain'><option>-A</option></arg>
</group>
</arg>
<arg><option>--from-expression</option></arg>
<arg><option>-E</option></arg>
<arg><option>--from-profile</option> <replaceable>path</replaceable></arg>
</nop>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='ch-utilities'>
<title>Utilities</title>
<para>This section lists utilities that you can use when you
work with Nix.</para>
<xi:include href="nix-channel.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-collect-garbage.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-copy-closure.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-daemon.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-hash.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-instantiate.xml" />
<xi:include href="nix-prefetch-url.xml" />
</chapter>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-advanced-attributes">
<title>Advanced Attributes</title>
<para>Derivations can declare some infrequently used optional
attributes.</para>
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><varname>allowedReferences</varname></term>
<listitem><para>The optional attribute
<varname>allowedReferences</varname> specifies a list of legal
references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For
example,
<programlisting>
allowedReferences = [];
</programlisting>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any runtime
dependencies on its inputs. To allow an output to have a runtime
dependency on itself, use <literal>"out"</literal> as a list item.
This is used in NixOS to check that generated files such as
initial ramdisks for booting Linux don’t have accidental
dependencies on other paths in the Nix store.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>allowedRequisites</varname></term>
<listitem><para>This attribute is similar to
<varname>allowedReferences</varname>, but it specifies the legal
requisites of the whole closure, so all the dependencies
recursively. For example,
<programlisting>
allowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
</programlisting>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any other
runtime dependency than <varname>foobar</varname>, and in addition
it enforces that <varname>foobar</varname> itself doesn't
introduce any other dependency itself.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>disallowedReferences</varname></term>
<listitem><para>The optional attribute
<varname>disallowedReferences</varname> specifies a list of illegal
references (dependencies) of the output of the builder. For
example,
<programlisting>
disallowedReferences = [ foo ];
</programlisting>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have a direct runtime
dependencies on the derivation <varname>foo</varname>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>disallowedRequisites</varname></term>
<listitem><para>This attribute is similar to
<varname>disallowedReferences</varname>, but it specifies illegal
requisites for the whole closure, so all the dependencies
recursively. For example,
<programlisting>
disallowedRequisites = [ foobar ];
</programlisting>
enforces that the output of a derivation cannot have any
runtime dependency on <varname>foobar</varname> or any other derivation
depending recursively on <varname>foobar</varname>.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>exportReferencesGraph</varname></term>
<listitem><para>This attribute allows builders access to the
references graph of their inputs. The attribute is a list of
inputs in the Nix store whose references graph the builder needs
to know. The value of this attribute should be a list of pairs
<literal>[ <replaceable>name1</replaceable>
<replaceable>path1</replaceable> <replaceable>name2</replaceable>
<replaceable>path2</replaceable> <replaceable>...</replaceable>
]</literal>. The references graph of each
<replaceable>pathN</replaceable> will be stored in a text file
<replaceable>nameN</replaceable> in the temporary build directory.
The text files have the format used by <command>nix-store
--register-validity</command> (with the deriver fields left
empty). For example, when the following derivation is built:
<programlisting>
derivation {
...
exportReferencesGraph = [ "libfoo-graph" libfoo ];
};
</programlisting>
the references graph of <literal>libfoo</literal> is placed in the
file <filename>libfoo-graph</filename> in the temporary build
directory.</para>
<para><varname>exportReferencesGraph</varname> is useful for
builders that want to do something with the closure of a store
path. Examples include the builders in NixOS that generate the
initial ramdisk for booting Linux (a <command>cpio</command>
archive containing the closure of the boot script) and the
ISO-9660 image for the installation CD (which is populated with a
Nix store containing the closure of a bootable NixOS
configuration).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>impureEnvVars</varname></term>
<listitem><para>This attribute allows you to specify a list of
environment variables that should be passed from the environment
of the calling user to the builder. Usually, the environment is
cleared completely when the builder is executed, but with this
attribute you can allow specific environment variables to be
passed unmodified. For example, <function>fetchurl</function> in
Nixpkgs has the line
<programlisting>
impureEnvVars = [ "http_proxy" "https_proxy" <replaceable>...</replaceable> ];
</programlisting>
to make it use the proxy server configuration specified by the
user in the environment variables <envar>http_proxy</envar> and
friends.</para>
<para>This attribute is only allowed in <link
linkend="fixed-output-drvs">fixed-output derivations</link>, where
impurities such as these are okay since (the hash of) the output
is known in advance. It is ignored for all other
derivations.</para>
<warning><para><varname>impureEnvVars</varname> implementation takes
environment variables from the current builder process. When a daemon is
building its environmental variables are used. Without the daemon, the
environmental variables come from the environment of the
<command>nix-build</command>.</para></warning></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry xml:id="fixed-output-drvs">
<term><varname>outputHash</varname></term>
<term><varname>outputHashAlgo</varname></term>
<term><varname>outputHashMode</varname></term>
<listitem><para>These attributes declare that the derivation is a
so-called <emphasis>fixed-output derivation</emphasis>, which
means that a cryptographic hash of the output is already known in
advance. When the build of a fixed-output derivation finishes,
Nix computes the cryptographic hash of the output and compares it
to the hash declared with these attributes. If there is a
mismatch, the build fails.</para>
<para>The rationale for fixed-output derivations is derivations
such as those produced by the <function>fetchurl</function>
function. This function downloads a file from a given URL. To
ensure that the downloaded file has not been modified, the caller
must also specify a cryptographic hash of the file. For example,
<programlisting>
fetchurl {
url = http://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz;
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
</programlisting>
It sometimes happens that the URL of the file changes, e.g.,
because servers are reorganised or no longer available. We then
must update the call to <function>fetchurl</function>, e.g.,
<programlisting>
fetchurl {
url = ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz;
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
}
</programlisting>
If a <function>fetchurl</function> derivation was treated like a
normal derivation, the output paths of the derivation and
<emphasis>all derivations depending on it</emphasis> would change.
For instance, if we were to change the URL of the Glibc source
distribution in Nixpkgs (a package on which almost all other
packages depend) massive rebuilds would be needed. This is
unfortunate for a change which we know cannot have a real effect
as it propagates upwards through the dependency graph.</para>
<para>For fixed-output derivations, on the other hand, the name of
the output path only depends on the <varname>outputHash*</varname>
and <varname>name</varname> attributes, while all other attributes
are ignored for the purpose of computing the output path. (The
<varname>name</varname> attribute is included because it is part
of the path.)</para>
<para>As an example, here is the (simplified) Nix expression for
<varname>fetchurl</varname>:
<programlisting>
{ stdenv, curl }: # The <command>curl</command> program is used for downloading.
{ url, sha256 }:
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = baseNameOf (toString url);
builder = ./builder.sh;
buildInputs = [ curl ];
# This is a fixed-output derivation; the output must be a regular
# file with SHA256 hash <varname>sha256</varname>.
outputHashMode = "flat";
outputHashAlgo = "sha256";
outputHash = sha256;
inherit url;
}
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>The <varname>outputHashAlgo</varname> attribute specifies
the hash algorithm used to compute the hash. It can currently be
<literal>"sha1"</literal>, <literal>"sha256"</literal> or
<literal>"sha512"</literal>.</para>
<para>The <varname>outputHashMode</varname> attribute determines
how the hash is computed. It must be one of the following two
values:
<variablelist>
<varlistentry><term><literal>"flat"</literal></term>
<listitem><para>The output must be a non-executable regular
file. If it isn’t, the build fails. The hash is simply
computed over the contents of that file (so it’s equal to what
Unix commands like <command>sha256sum</command> or
<command>sha1sum</command> produce).</para>
<para>This is the default.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><literal>"recursive"</literal></term>
<listitem><para>The hash is computed over the NAR archive dump
of the output (i.e., the result of <link
linkend="refsec-nix-store-dump"><command>nix-store
--dump</command></link>). In this case, the output can be
anything, including a directory tree.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</para>
<para>The <varname>outputHash</varname> attribute, finally, must
be a string containing the hash in either hexadecimal or base-32
notation. (See the <link
linkend="sec-nix-hash"><command>nix-hash</command> command</link>
for information about converting to and from base-32
notation.)</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>passAsFile</varname></term>
<listitem><para>A list of names of attributes that should be
passed via files rather than environment variables. For example,
if you have
<programlisting>
passAsFile = ["big"];
big = "a very long string";
</programlisting>
then when the builder runs, the environment variable
<envar>bigPath</envar> will contain the absolute path to a
temporary file containing <literal>a very long
string</literal>. That is, for any attribute
<replaceable>x</replaceable> listed in
<varname>passAsFile</varname>, Nix will pass an environment
variable <envar><replaceable>x</replaceable>Path</envar> holding
the path of the file containing the value of attribute
<replaceable>x</replaceable>. This is useful when you need to pass
large strings to a builder, since most operating systems impose a
limit on the size of the environment (typically, a few hundred
kilobyte).</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>preferLocalBuild</varname></term>
<listitem><para>If this attribute is set to
<literal>true</literal> and <link
linkend="chap-distributed-builds">distributed building is
enabled</link>, then, if possible, the derivaton will be built
locally instead of forwarded to a remote machine. This is
appropriate for trivial builders where the cost of doing a
download or remote build would exceed the cost of building
locally.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry><term><varname>allowSubstitutes</varname></term>
<listitem><para>If this attribute is set to
<literal>false</literal>, then Nix will always build this
derivation; it will not try to substitute its outputs. This is
useful for very trivial derivations (such as
<function>writeText</function> in Nixpkgs) that are cheaper to
build than to substitute from a binary cache.</para></listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='sec-arguments'>
<title>Arguments and Variables</title>
<example xml:id='ex-hello-composition'>
<title>Composing GNU Hello
(<filename>all-packages.nix</filename>)</title>
<programlisting>
...
rec { <co xml:id='ex-hello-composition-co-1' />
hello = import ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 <co xml:id='ex-hello-composition-co-2' /> { <co xml:id='ex-hello-composition-co-3' />
inherit fetchurl stdenv perl;
};
perl = import ../development/interpreters/perl { <co xml:id='ex-hello-composition-co-4' />
inherit fetchurl stdenv;
};
fetchurl = import ../build-support/fetchurl {
inherit stdenv; ...
};
stdenv = ...;
}
</programlisting>
</example>
<para>The Nix expression in <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' /> is a
function; it is missing some arguments that have to be filled in
somewhere. In the Nix Packages collection this is done in the file
<filename>pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix</filename>, where all
Nix expressions for packages are imported and called with the
appropriate arguments. <xref linkend='ex-hello-composition' /> shows
some fragments of
<filename>all-packages.nix</filename>.</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-1'>
<para>This file defines a set of attributes, all of which are
concrete derivations (i.e., not functions). In fact, we define a
<emphasis>mutually recursive</emphasis> set of attributes. That
is, the attributes can refer to each other. This is precisely
what we want since we want to <quote>plug</quote> the
various packages into each other.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-2'>
<para>Here we <emphasis>import</emphasis> the Nix expression for
GNU Hello. The import operation just loads and returns the
specified Nix expression. In fact, we could just have put the
contents of <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' /> in
<filename>all-packages.nix</filename> at this point. That
would be completely equivalent, but it would make the file rather
bulky.</para>
<para>Note that we refer to
<filename>../applications/misc/hello/ex-1</filename>, not
<filename>../applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix</filename>.
When you try to import a directory, Nix automatically appends
<filename>/default.nix</filename> to the file name.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-3'>
<para>This is where the actual composition takes place. Here we
<emphasis>call</emphasis> the function imported from
<filename>../applications/misc/hello/ex-1</filename> with a set
containing the things that the function expects, namely
<varname>fetchurl</varname>, <varname>stdenv</varname>, and
<varname>perl</varname>. We use inherit again to use the
attributes defined in the surrounding scope (we could also have
written <literal>fetchurl = fetchurl;</literal>, etc.).</para>
<para>The result of this function call is an actual derivation
that can be built by Nix (since when we fill in the arguments of
the function, what we get is its body, which is the call to
<varname>stdenv.mkDerivation</varname> in <xref
linkend='ex-hello-nix' />).</para>
<note><para>Nixpkgs has a convenience function
<function>callPackage</function> that imports and calls a
function, filling in any missing arguments by passing the
corresponding attribute from the Nixpkgs set, like this:
<programlisting>
hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { };
</programlisting>
If necessary, you can set or override arguments:
<programlisting>
hello = callPackage ../applications/misc/hello/ex-1 { stdenv = myStdenv; };
</programlisting>
</para></note>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-composition-co-4'>
<para>Likewise, we have to instantiate Perl,
<varname>fetchurl</varname>, and the standard environment.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='sec-build-script'>
<title>Build Script</title>
<example xml:id='ex-hello-builder'><title>Build script for GNU Hello
(<filename>builder.sh</filename>)</title>
<programlisting>
source $stdenv/setup <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-1' />
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-2' />
tar xvfz $src <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-3' />
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-4' />
make <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-5' />
make install</programlisting>
</example>
<para><xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' /> shows the builder referenced
from Hello's Nix expression (stored in
<filename>pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/builder.sh</filename>).
The builder can actually be made a lot shorter by using the
<emphasis>generic builder</emphasis> functions provided by
<varname>stdenv</varname>, but here we write out the build steps to
elucidate what a builder does. It performs the following
steps:</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-1'>
<para>When Nix runs a builder, it initially completely clears the
environment (except for the attributes declared in the
derivation). For instance, the <envar>PATH</envar> variable is
empty<footnote><para>Actually, it's initialised to
<filename>/path-not-set</filename> to prevent Bash from setting it
to a default value.</para></footnote>. This is done to prevent
undeclared inputs from being used in the build process. If for
example the <envar>PATH</envar> contained
<filename>/usr/bin</filename>, then you might accidentally use
<filename>/usr/bin/gcc</filename>.</para>
<para>So the first step is to set up the environment. This is
done by calling the <filename>setup</filename> script of the
standard environment. The environment variable
<envar>stdenv</envar> points to the location of the standard
environment being used. (It wasn't specified explicitly as an
attribute in <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' />, but
<varname>mkDerivation</varname> adds it automatically.)</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-2'>
<para>Since Hello needs Perl, we have to make sure that Perl is in
the <envar>PATH</envar>. The <envar>perl</envar> environment
variable points to the location of the Perl package (since it
was passed in as an attribute to the derivation), so
<filename><replaceable>$perl</replaceable>/bin</filename> is the
directory containing the Perl interpreter.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-3'>
<para>Now we have to unpack the sources. The
<varname>src</varname> attribute was bound to the result of
fetching the Hello source tarball from the network, so the
<envar>src</envar> environment variable points to the location in
the Nix store to which the tarball was downloaded. After
unpacking, we <command>cd</command> to the resulting source
directory.</para>
<para>The whole build is performed in a temporary directory
created in <varname>/tmp</varname>, by the way. This directory is
removed after the builder finishes, so there is no need to clean
up the sources afterwards. Also, the temporary directory is
always newly created, so you don't have to worry about files from
previous builds interfering with the current build.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-4'>
<para>GNU Hello is a typical Autoconf-based package, so we first
have to run its <filename>configure</filename> script. In Nix
every package is stored in a separate location in the Nix store,
for instance
<filename>/nix/store/9a54ba97fb71b65fda531012d0443ce2-hello-2.1.1</filename>.
Nix computes this path by cryptographically hashing all attributes
of the derivation. The path is passed to the builder through the
<envar>out</envar> environment variable. So here we give
<filename>configure</filename> the parameter
<literal>--prefix=$out</literal> to cause Hello to be installed in
the expected location.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-5'>
<para>Finally we build Hello (<literal>make</literal>) and install
it into the location specified by <envar>out</envar>
(<literal>make install</literal>).</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
<para>If you are wondering about the absence of error checking on the
result of various commands called in the builder: this is because the
shell script is evaluated with Bash's <option>-e</option> option,
which causes the script to be aborted if any command fails without an
error check.</para>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='sec-builder-syntax'>
<title>Builder Syntax</title>
<example xml:id='ex-hello-builder'><title>Build script for GNU Hello
(<filename>builder.sh</filename>)</title>
<programlisting>
source $stdenv/setup <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-1' />
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-2' />
tar xvfz $src <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-3' />
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-4' />
make <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder-co-5' />
make install</programlisting>
</example>
<para><xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' /> shows the builder referenced
from Hello's Nix expression (stored in
<filename>pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/builder.sh</filename>).
The builder can actually be made a lot shorter by using the
<emphasis>generic builder</emphasis> functions provided by
<varname>stdenv</varname>, but here we write out the build steps to
elucidate what a builder does. It performs the following
steps:</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-1'>
<para>When Nix runs a builder, it initially completely clears the
environment (except for the attributes declared in the
derivation). For instance, the <envar>PATH</envar> variable is
empty<footnote><para>Actually, it's initialised to
<filename>/path-not-set</filename> to prevent Bash from setting it
to a default value.</para></footnote>. This is done to prevent
undeclared inputs from being used in the build process. If for
example the <envar>PATH</envar> contained
<filename>/usr/bin</filename>, then you might accidentally use
<filename>/usr/bin/gcc</filename>.</para>
<para>So the first step is to set up the environment. This is
done by calling the <filename>setup</filename> script of the
standard environment. The environment variable
<envar>stdenv</envar> points to the location of the standard
environment being used. (It wasn't specified explicitly as an
attribute in <xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' />, but
<varname>mkDerivation</varname> adds it automatically.)</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-2'>
<para>Since Hello needs Perl, we have to make sure that Perl is in
the <envar>PATH</envar>. The <envar>perl</envar> environment
variable points to the location of the Perl package (since it
was passed in as an attribute to the derivation), so
<filename><replaceable>$perl</replaceable>/bin</filename> is the
directory containing the Perl interpreter.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-3'>
<para>Now we have to unpack the sources. The
<varname>src</varname> attribute was bound to the result of
fetching the Hello source tarball from the network, so the
<envar>src</envar> environment variable points to the location in
the Nix store to which the tarball was downloaded. After
unpacking, we <command>cd</command> to the resulting source
directory.</para>
<para>The whole build is performed in a temporary directory
created in <varname>/tmp</varname>, by the way. This directory is
removed after the builder finishes, so there is no need to clean
up the sources afterwards. Also, the temporary directory is
always newly created, so you don't have to worry about files from
previous builds interfering with the current build.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-4'>
<para>GNU Hello is a typical Autoconf-based package, so we first
have to run its <filename>configure</filename> script. In Nix
every package is stored in a separate location in the Nix store,
for instance
<filename>/nix/store/9a54ba97fb71b65fda531012d0443ce2-hello-2.1.1</filename>.
Nix computes this path by cryptographically hashing all attributes
of the derivation. The path is passed to the builder through the
<envar>out</envar> environment variable. So here we give
<filename>configure</filename> the parameter
<literal>--prefix=$out</literal> to cause Hello to be installed in
the expected location.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder-co-5'>
<para>Finally we build Hello (<literal>make</literal>) and install
it into the location specified by <envar>out</envar>
(<literal>make install</literal>).</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
<para>If you are wondering about the absence of error checking on the
result of various commands called in the builder: this is because the
shell script is evaluated with Bash's <option>-e</option> option,
which causes the script to be aborted if any command fails without an
error check.</para>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="ssec-derivation">
<title>Derivations</title>
<para>The most important built-in function is
<function>derivation</function>, which is used to describe a single
derivation (a build action). It takes as input a set, the attributes
of which specify the inputs of the build.</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem xml:id="attr-system"><para>There must be an attribute named
<varname>system</varname> whose value must be a string specifying a
Nix platform identifier, such as <literal>"i686-linux"</literal> or
<literal>"x86_64-darwin"</literal><footnote><para>To figure out
your platform identifier, look at the line <quote>Checking for the
canonical Nix system name</quote> in the output of Nix's
<filename>configure</filename> script.</para></footnote> The build
can only be performed on a machine and operating system matching the
platform identifier. (Nix can automatically forward builds for
other platforms by forwarding them to other machines; see <xref
linkend='chap-distributed-builds' />.)</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>There must be an attribute named
<varname>name</varname> whose value must be a string. This is used
as a symbolic name for the package by <command>nix-env</command>,
and it is appended to the output paths of the
derivation.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>There must be an attribute named
<varname>builder</varname> that identifies the program that is
executed to perform the build. It can be either a derivation or a
source (a local file reference, e.g.,
<filename>./builder.sh</filename>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Every attribute is passed as an environment variable
to the builder. Attribute values are translated to environment
variables as follows:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>Strings and numbers are just passed
verbatim.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A <emphasis>path</emphasis> (e.g.,
<filename>../foo/sources.tar</filename>) causes the referenced
file to be copied to the store; its location in the store is put
in the environment variable. The idea is that all sources
should reside in the Nix store, since all inputs to a derivation
should reside in the Nix store.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A <emphasis>derivation</emphasis> causes that
derivation to be built prior to the present derivation; its
default output path is put in the environment
variable.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Lists of the previous types are also allowed.
They are simply concatenated, separated by
spaces.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><literal>true</literal> is passed as the string
<literal>1</literal>, <literal>false</literal> and
<literal>null</literal> are passed as an empty string.
</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The optional attribute <varname>args</varname>
specifies command-line arguments to be passed to the builder. It
should be a list.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The optional attribute <varname>outputs</varname>
specifies a list of symbolic outputs of the derivation. By default,
a derivation produces a single output path, denoted as
<literal>out</literal>. However, derivations can produce multiple
output paths. This is useful because it allows outputs to be
downloaded or garbage-collected separately. For instance, imagine a
library package that provides a dynamic library, header files, and
documentation. A program that links against the library doesn’t
need the header files and documentation at runtime, and it doesn’t
need the documentation at build time. Thus, the library package
could specify:
<programlisting>
outputs = [ "lib" "headers" "doc" ];
</programlisting>
This will cause Nix to pass environment variables
<literal>lib</literal>, <literal>headers</literal> and
<literal>doc</literal> to the builder containing the intended store
paths of each output. The builder would typically do something like
<programlisting>
./configure --libdir=$lib/lib --includedir=$headers/include --docdir=$doc/share/doc
</programlisting>
for an Autoconf-style package. You can refer to each output of a
derivation by selecting it as an attribute, e.g.
<programlisting>
buildInputs = [ pkg.lib pkg.headers ];
</programlisting>
The first element of <varname>outputs</varname> determines the
<emphasis>default output</emphasis>. Thus, you could also write
<programlisting>
buildInputs = [ pkg pkg.headers ];
</programlisting>
since <literal>pkg</literal> is equivalent to
<literal>pkg.lib</literal>.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>The function <function>mkDerivation</function> in the Nixpkgs
standard environment is a wrapper around
<function>derivation</function> that adds a default value for
<varname>system</varname> and always uses Bash as the builder, to
which the supplied builder is passed as a command-line argument. See
the Nixpkgs manual for details.</para>
<para>The builder is executed as follows:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>A temporary directory is created under the directory
specified by <envar>TMPDIR</envar> (default
<filename>/tmp</filename>) where the build will take place. The
current directory is changed to this directory.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The environment is cleared and set to the derivation
attributes, as specified above.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>In addition, the following variables are set:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para><envar>NIX_BUILD_TOP</envar> contains the path of
the temporary directory for this build.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Also, <envar>TMPDIR</envar>,
<envar>TEMPDIR</envar>, <envar>TMP</envar>, <envar>TEMP</envar>
are set to point to the temporary directory. This is to prevent
the builder from accidentally writing temporary files anywhere
else. Doing so might cause interference by other
processes.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>PATH</envar> is set to
<filename>/path-not-set</filename> to prevent shells from
initialising it to their built-in default value.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>HOME</envar> is set to
<filename>/homeless-shelter</filename> to prevent programs from
using <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or the like to find the
user's home directory, which could cause impurity. Usually, when
<envar>HOME</envar> is set, it is used as the location of the home
directory, even if it points to a non-existent
path.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><envar>NIX_STORE</envar> is set to the path of the
top-level Nix store directory (typically,
<filename>/nix/store</filename>).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>For each output declared in
<varname>outputs</varname>, the corresponding environment variable
is set to point to the intended path in the Nix store for that
output. Each output path is a concatenation of the cryptographic
hash of all build inputs, the <varname>name</varname> attribute
and the output name. (The output name is omitted if it’s
<literal>out</literal>.)</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>If an output path already exists, it is removed.
Also, locks are acquired to prevent multiple Nix instances from
performing the same build at the same time.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A log of the combined standard output and error is
written to <filename>/nix/var/log/nix</filename>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The builder is executed with the arguments specified
by the attribute <varname>args</varname>. If it exits with exit
code 0, it is considered to have succeeded.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The temporary directory is removed (unless the
<option>-K</option> option was specified).</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>If the build was successful, Nix scans each output
path for references to input paths by looking for the hash parts of
the input paths. Since these are potential runtime dependencies,
Nix registers them as dependencies of the output
paths.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>After the build, Nix sets the last-modified
timestamp on all files in the build result to 1 (00:00:01 1/1/1970
UTC), sets the group to the default group, and sets the mode of the
file to 0444 or 0555 (i.e., read-only, with execute permission
enabled if the file was originally executable). Note that possible
<literal>setuid</literal> and <literal>setgid</literal> bits are
cleared. Setuid and setgid programs are not currently supported by
Nix. This is because the Nix archives used in deployment have no
concept of ownership information, and because it makes the build
result dependent on the user performing the build.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
<xi:include href="advanced-attributes.xml" />
</section>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="ch-expression-language">
<title>Nix Expression Language</title>
<para>The Nix expression language is a pure, lazy, functional
language. Purity means that operations in the language don't have
side-effects (for instance, there is no variable assignment).
Laziness means that arguments to functions are evaluated only when
they are needed. Functional means that functions are
<quote>normal</quote> values that can be passed around and manipulated
in interesting ways. The language is not a full-featured, general
purpose language. Its main job is to describe packages,
compositions of packages, and the variability within
packages.</para>
<para>This section presents the various features of the
language.</para>
<xi:include href="language-values.xml" />
<xi:include href="language-constructs.xml" />
<xi:include href="language-operators.xml" />
<xi:include href="derivations.xml" />
<xi:include href="builtins.xml" />
</chapter>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='sec-expression-syntax'>
<title>Expression Syntax</title>
<example xml:id='ex-hello-nix'><title>Nix expression for GNU Hello
(<filename>default.nix</filename>)</title>
<programlisting>
{ stdenv, fetchurl, perl }: <co xml:id='ex-hello-nix-co-1' />
stdenv.mkDerivation { <co xml:id='ex-hello-nix-co-2' />
name = "hello-2.1.1"; <co xml:id='ex-hello-nix-co-3' />
builder = ./builder.sh; <co xml:id='ex-hello-nix-co-4' />
src = fetchurl { <co xml:id='ex-hello-nix-co-5' />
url = ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz;
sha256 = "1md7jsfd8pa45z73bz1kszpp01yw6x5ljkjk2hx7wl800any6465";
};
inherit perl; <co xml:id='ex-hello-nix-co-6' />
}</programlisting>
</example>
<para><xref linkend='ex-hello-nix' /> shows a Nix expression for GNU
Hello. It's actually already in the Nix Packages collection in
<filename>pkgs/applications/misc/hello/ex-1/default.nix</filename>.
It is customary to place each package in a separate directory and call
the single Nix expression in that directory
<filename>default.nix</filename>. The file has the following elements
(referenced from the figure by number):
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-1'>
<para>This states that the expression is a
<emphasis>function</emphasis> that expects to be called with three
arguments: <varname>stdenv</varname>, <varname>fetchurl</varname>,
and <varname>perl</varname>. They are needed to build Hello, but
we don't know how to build them here; that's why they are function
arguments. <varname>stdenv</varname> is a package that is used
by almost all Nix Packages packages; it provides a
<quote>standard</quote> environment consisting of the things you
would expect in a basic Unix environment: a C/C++ compiler (GCC,
to be precise), the Bash shell, fundamental Unix tools such as
<command>cp</command>, <command>grep</command>,
<command>tar</command>, etc. <varname>fetchurl</varname> is a
function that downloads files. <varname>perl</varname> is the
Perl interpreter.</para>
<para>Nix functions generally have the form <literal>{ x, y, ...,
z }: e</literal> where <varname>x</varname>, <varname>y</varname>,
etc. are the names of the expected arguments, and where
<replaceable>e</replaceable> is the body of the function. So
here, the entire remainder of the file is the body of the
function; when given the required arguments, the body should
describe how to build an instance of the Hello package.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-2'>
<para>So we have to build a package. Building something from
other stuff is called a <emphasis>derivation</emphasis> in Nix (as
opposed to sources, which are built by humans instead of
computers). We perform a derivation by calling
<varname>stdenv.mkDerivation</varname>.
<varname>mkDerivation</varname> is a function provided by
<varname>stdenv</varname> that builds a package from a set of
<emphasis>attributes</emphasis>. A set is just a list of
key/value pairs where each key is a string and each value is an
arbitrary Nix expression. They take the general form <literal>{
<replaceable>name1</replaceable> =
<replaceable>expr1</replaceable>; <replaceable>...</replaceable>
<replaceable>nameN</replaceable> =
<replaceable>exprN</replaceable>; }</literal>.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-3'>
<para>The attribute <varname>name</varname> specifies the symbolic
name and version of the package. Nix doesn't really care about
these things, but they are used by for instance <command>nix-env
-q</command> to show a <quote>human-readable</quote> name for
packages. This attribute is required by
<varname>mkDerivation</varname>.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-4'>
<para>The attribute <varname>builder</varname> specifies the
builder. This attribute can sometimes be omitted, in which case
<varname>mkDerivation</varname> will fill in a default builder
(which does a <literal>configure; make; make install</literal>, in
essence). Hello is sufficiently simple that the default builder
would suffice, but in this case, we will show an actual builder
for educational purposes. The value
<command>./builder.sh</command> refers to the shell script shown
in <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' />, discussed below.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-5'>
<para>The builder has to know what the sources of the package
are. Here, the attribute <varname>src</varname> is bound to the
result of a call to the <command>fetchurl</command> function.
Given a URL and a SHA-256 hash of the expected contents of the file
at that URL, this function builds a derivation that downloads the
file and checks its hash. So the sources are a dependency that
like all other dependencies is built before Hello itself is
built.</para>
<para>Instead of <varname>src</varname> any other name could have
been used, and in fact there can be any number of sources (bound
to different attributes). However, <varname>src</varname> is
customary, and it's also expected by the default builder (which we
don't use in this example).</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-nix-co-6'>
<para>Since the derivation requires Perl, we have to pass the
value of the <varname>perl</varname> function argument to the
builder. All attributes in the set are actually passed as
environment variables to the builder, so declaring an attribute
<programlisting>
perl = perl;</programlisting>
will do the trick: it binds an attribute <varname>perl</varname>
to the function argument which also happens to be called
<varname>perl</varname>. However, it looks a bit silly, so there
is a shorter syntax. The <literal>inherit</literal> keyword
causes the specified attributes to be bound to whatever variables
with the same name happen to be in scope.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</para>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='sec-generic-builder'>
<title>Generic Builder Syntax</title>
<para>Recall from <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' /> that the builder
looked something like this:
<programlisting>
PATH=$perl/bin:$PATH
tar xvfz $src
cd hello-*
./configure --prefix=$out
make
make install</programlisting>
The builders for almost all Unix packages look like this — set up some
environment variables, unpack the sources, configure, build, and
install. For this reason the standard environment provides some Bash
functions that automate the build process. A builder using the
generic build facilities in shown in <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder2'
/>.</para>
<example xml:id='ex-hello-builder2'><title>Build script using the generic
build functions</title>
<programlisting>
buildInputs="$perl" <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder2-co-1' />
source $stdenv/setup <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder2-co-2' />
genericBuild <co xml:id='ex-hello-builder2-co-3' /></programlisting>
</example>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder2-co-1'>
<para>The <envar>buildInputs</envar> variable tells
<filename>setup</filename> to use the indicated packages as
<quote>inputs</quote>. This means that if a package provides a
<filename>bin</filename> subdirectory, it's added to
<envar>PATH</envar>; if it has a <filename>include</filename>
subdirectory, it's added to GCC's header search path; and so
on.<footnote><para>How does it work? <filename>setup</filename>
tries to source the file
<filename><replaceable>pkg</replaceable>/nix-support/setup-hook</filename>
of all dependencies. These “setup hooks” can then set up whatever
environment variables they want; for instance, the setup hook for
Perl sets the <envar>PERL5LIB</envar> environment variable to
contain the <filename>lib/site_perl</filename> directories of all
inputs.</para></footnote>
</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder2-co-2'>
<para>The function <function>genericBuild</function> is defined in
the file <literal>$stdenv/setup</literal>.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-hello-builder2-co-3'>
<para>The final step calls the shell function
<function>genericBuild</function>, which performs the steps that
were done explicitly in <xref linkend='ex-hello-builder' />. The
generic builder is smart enough to figure out whether to unpack
the sources using <command>gzip</command>,
<command>bzip2</command>, etc. It can be customised in many ways;
see the Nixpkgs manual for details.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
<para>Discerning readers will note that the
<envar>buildInputs</envar> could just as well have been set in the Nix
expression, like this:
<programlisting>
buildInputs = [ perl ];</programlisting>
The <varname>perl</varname> attribute can then be removed, and the
builder becomes even shorter:
<programlisting>
source $stdenv/setup
genericBuild</programlisting>
In fact, <varname>mkDerivation</varname> provides a default builder
that looks exactly like that, so it is actually possible to omit the
builder for Hello entirely.</para>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-constructs">
<title>Language Constructs</title>
<simplesect><title>Recursive sets</title>
<para>Recursive sets are just normal sets, but the attributes can
refer to each other. For example,
<programlisting>
rec {
x = y;
y = 123;
}.x
</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>123</literal>. Note that without
<literal>rec</literal> the binding <literal>x = y;</literal> would
refer to the variable <varname>y</varname> in the surrounding scope,
if one exists, and would be invalid if no such variable exists. That
is, in a normal (non-recursive) set, attributes are not added to the
lexical scope; in a recursive set, they are.</para>
<para>Recursive sets of course introduce the danger of infinite
recursion. For example,
<programlisting>
rec {
x = y;
y = x;
}.x</programlisting>
does not terminate<footnote><para>Actually, Nix detects infinite
recursion in this case and aborts (<quote>infinite recursion
encountered</quote>).</para></footnote>.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect xml:id="sect-let-expressions"><title>Let-expressions</title>
<para>A let-expression allows you to define local variables for an
expression. For instance,
<programlisting>
let
x = "foo";
y = "bar";
in x + y</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>"foobar"</literal>.
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Inheriting attributes</title>
<para>When defining a set or in a let-expression it is often convenient to copy variables
from the surrounding lexical scope (e.g., when you want to propagate
attributes). This can be shortened using the
<literal>inherit</literal> keyword. For instance,
<programlisting>
let x = 123; in
{ inherit x;
y = 456;
}</programlisting>
is equivalent to
<programlisting>
let x = 123; in
{ x = x;
y = 456;
}</programlisting>
and both evaluate to <literal>{ x = 123; y = 456; }</literal>. (Note that
this works because <varname>x</varname> is added to the lexical scope
by the <literal>let</literal> construct.) It is also possible to
inherit attributes from another set. For instance, in this fragment
from <filename>all-packages.nix</filename>,
<programlisting>
graphviz = (import ../tools/graphics/graphviz) {
inherit fetchurl stdenv libpng libjpeg expat x11 yacc;
inherit (xlibs) libXaw;
};
xlibs = {
libX11 = ...;
libXaw = ...;
...
}
libpng = ...;
libjpg = ...;
...</programlisting>
the set used in the function call to the function defined in
<filename>../tools/graphics/graphviz</filename> inherits a number of
variables from the surrounding scope (<varname>fetchurl</varname>
... <varname>yacc</varname>), but also inherits
<varname>libXaw</varname> (the X Athena Widgets) from the
<varname>xlibs</varname> (X11 client-side libraries) set.</para>
<para>
Summarizing the fragment
<programlisting>
...
inherit x y z;
inherit (src-set) a b c;
...</programlisting>
is equivalent to
<programlisting>
...
x = x; y = y; z = z;
a = src-set.a; b = src-set.b; c = src-set.c;
...</programlisting>
when used while defining local variables in a let-expression or
while defining a set.</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect xml:id="ss-functions"><title>Functions</title>
<para>Functions have the following form:
<programlisting>
<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>: <replaceable>body</replaceable></programlisting>
The pattern specifies what the argument of the function must look
like, and binds variables in the body to (parts of) the
argument. There are three kinds of patterns:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem><para>If a pattern is a single identifier, then the
function matches any argument. Example:
<programlisting>
let negate = x: !x;
concat = x: y: x + y;
in if negate true then concat "foo" "bar" else ""</programlisting>
Note that <function>concat</function> is a function that takes one
argument and returns a function that takes another argument. This
allows partial parameterisation (i.e., only filling some of the
arguments of a function); e.g.,
<programlisting>
map (concat "foo") [ "bar" "bla" "abc" ]</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>[ "foobar" "foobla"
"fooabc" ]</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>A <emphasis>set pattern</emphasis> of the form
<literal>{ name1, name2, …, nameN }</literal> matches a set
containing the listed attributes, and binds the values of those
attributes to variables in the function body. For example, the
function
<programlisting>
{ x, y, z }: z + y + x</programlisting>
can only be called with a set containing exactly the attributes
<varname>x</varname>, <varname>y</varname> and
<varname>z</varname>. No other attributes are allowed. If you want
to allow additional arguments, you can use an ellipsis
(<literal>...</literal>):
<programlisting>
{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x</programlisting>
This works on any set that contains at least the three named
attributes.</para>
<para>It is possible to provide <emphasis>default values</emphasis>
for attributes, in which case they are allowed to be missing. A
default value is specified by writing
<literal><replaceable>name</replaceable> ?
<replaceable>e</replaceable></literal>, where
<replaceable>e</replaceable> is an arbitrary expression. For example,
<programlisting>
{ x, y ? "foo", z ? "bar" }: z + y + x</programlisting>
specifies a function that only requires an attribute named
<varname>x</varname>, but optionally accepts <varname>y</varname>
and <varname>z</varname>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>An <literal>@</literal>-pattern provides a means of referring
to the whole value being matched:
<programlisting> args@{ x, y, z, ... }: z + y + x + args.a</programlisting>
but can also be written as:
<programlisting> { x, y, z, ... } @ args: z + y + x + args.a</programlisting>
Here <varname>args</varname> is bound to the entire argument, which
is further matched against the pattern <literal>{ x, y, z,
... }</literal>. <literal>@</literal>-pattern makes mainly sense with an
ellipsis(<literal>...</literal>) as you can access attribute names as
<literal>a</literal>, using <literal>args.a</literal>, which was given as an
additional attribute to the function.
</para>
<warning>
<para>
The <literal>args@</literal> expression is bound to the argument passed to the function which
means that attributes with defaults that aren't explicitly specified in the function call
won't cause an evaluation error, but won't exist in <literal>args</literal>.
</para>
<para>
For instance
<programlisting>
let
function = args@{ a ? 23, ... }: args;
in
function {}
</programlisting>
will evaluate to an empty attribute set.
</para>
</warning></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<para>Note that functions do not have names. If you want to give them
a name, you can bind them to an attribute, e.g.,
<programlisting>
let concat = { x, y }: x + y;
in concat { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; }</programlisting>
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Conditionals</title>
<para>Conditionals look like this:
<programlisting>
if <replaceable>e1</replaceable> then <replaceable>e2</replaceable> else <replaceable>e3</replaceable></programlisting>
where <replaceable>e1</replaceable> is an expression that should
evaluate to a Boolean value (<literal>true</literal> or
<literal>false</literal>).</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Assertions</title>
<para>Assertions are generally used to check that certain requirements
on or between features and dependencies hold. They look like this:
<programlisting>
assert <replaceable>e1</replaceable>; <replaceable>e2</replaceable></programlisting>
where <replaceable>e1</replaceable> is an expression that should
evaluate to a Boolean value. If it evaluates to
<literal>true</literal>, <replaceable>e2</replaceable> is returned;
otherwise expression evaluation is aborted and a backtrace is printed.</para>
<example xml:id='ex-subversion-nix'><title>Nix expression for Subversion</title>
<programlisting>
{ localServer ? false
, httpServer ? false
, sslSupport ? false
, pythonBindings ? false
, javaSwigBindings ? false
, javahlBindings ? false
, stdenv, fetchurl
, openssl ? null, httpd ? null, db4 ? null, expat, swig ? null, j2sdk ? null
}:
assert localServer -> db4 != null; <co xml:id='ex-subversion-nix-co-1' />
assert httpServer -> httpd != null &amp;&amp; httpd.expat == expat; <co xml:id='ex-subversion-nix-co-2' />
assert sslSupport -> openssl != null &amp;&amp; (httpServer -> httpd.openssl == openssl); <co xml:id='ex-subversion-nix-co-3' />
assert pythonBindings -> swig != null &amp;&amp; swig.pythonSupport;
assert javaSwigBindings -> swig != null &amp;&amp; swig.javaSupport;
assert javahlBindings -> j2sdk != null;
stdenv.mkDerivation {
name = "subversion-1.1.1";
...
openssl = if sslSupport then openssl else null; <co xml:id='ex-subversion-nix-co-4' />
...
}</programlisting>
</example>
<para><xref linkend='ex-subversion-nix' /> show how assertions are
used in the Nix expression for Subversion.</para>
<calloutlist>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-1'>
<para>This assertion states that if Subversion is to have support
for local repositories, then Berkeley DB is needed. So if the
Subversion function is called with the
<varname>localServer</varname> argument set to
<literal>true</literal> but the <varname>db4</varname> argument
set to <literal>null</literal>, then the evaluation fails.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-2'>
<para>This is a more subtle condition: if Subversion is built with
Apache (<literal>httpServer</literal>) support, then the Expat
library (an XML library) used by Subversion should be same as the
one used by Apache. This is because in this configuration
Subversion code ends up being linked with Apache code, and if the
Expat libraries do not match, a build- or runtime link error or
incompatibility might occur.</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-3'>
<para>This assertion says that in order for Subversion to have SSL
support (so that it can access <literal>https</literal> URLs), an
OpenSSL library must be passed. Additionally, it says that
<emphasis>if</emphasis> Apache support is enabled, then Apache's
OpenSSL should match Subversion's. (Note that if Apache support
is not enabled, we don't care about Apache's OpenSSL.)</para>
</callout>
<callout arearefs='ex-subversion-nix-co-4'>
<para>The conditional here is not really related to assertions,
but is worth pointing out: it ensures that if SSL support is
disabled, then the Subversion derivation is not dependent on
OpenSSL, even if a non-<literal>null</literal> value was passed.
This prevents an unnecessary rebuild of Subversion if OpenSSL
changes.</para>
</callout>
</calloutlist>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>With-expressions</title>
<para>A <emphasis>with-expression</emphasis>,
<programlisting>
with <replaceable>e1</replaceable>; <replaceable>e2</replaceable></programlisting>
introduces the set <replaceable>e1</replaceable> into the lexical
scope of the expression <replaceable>e2</replaceable>. For instance,
<programlisting>
let as = { x = "foo"; y = "bar"; };
in with as; x + y</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>"foobar"</literal> since the
<literal>with</literal> adds the <varname>x</varname> and
<varname>y</varname> attributes of <varname>as</varname> to the
lexical scope in the expression <literal>x + y</literal>. The most
common use of <literal>with</literal> is in conjunction with the
<function>import</function> function. E.g.,
<programlisting>
with (import ./definitions.nix); ...</programlisting>
makes all attributes defined in the file
<filename>definitions.nix</filename> available as if they were defined
locally in a <literal>let</literal>-expression.</para>
<para>The bindings introduced by <literal>with</literal> do not shadow bindings
introduced by other means, e.g.
<programlisting>
let a = 3; in with { a = 1; }; let a = 4; in with { a = 2; }; ...</programlisting>
establishes the same scope as
<programlisting>
let a = 1; in let a = 2; in let a = 3; in let a = 4; in ...</programlisting>
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Comments</title>
<para>Comments can be single-line, started with a <literal>#</literal>
character, or inline/multi-line, enclosed within <literal>/*
... */</literal>.</para>
</simplesect>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="sec-language-operators">
<title>Operators</title>
<para><xref linkend='table-operators' /> lists the operators in the
Nix expression language, in order of precedence (from strongest to
weakest binding).</para>
<table xml:id='table-operators'>
<title>Operators</title>
<tgroup cols='3'>
<thead>
<row>
<entry>Name</entry>
<entry>Syntax</entry>
<entry>Associativity</entry>
<entry>Description</entry>
<entry>Precedence</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>Select</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e</replaceable> <literal>.</literal>
<replaceable>attrpath</replaceable>
[ <literal>or</literal> <replaceable>def</replaceable> ]
</entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Select attribute denoted by the attribute path
<replaceable>attrpath</replaceable> from set
<replaceable>e</replaceable>. (An attribute path is a
dot-separated list of attribute names.) If the attribute
doesn’t exist, return <replaceable>def</replaceable> if
provided, otherwise abort evaluation.</entry>
<entry>1</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Application</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Call function <replaceable>e1</replaceable> with
argument <replaceable>e2</replaceable>.</entry>
<entry>2</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Arithmetic Negation</entry>
<entry><literal>-</literal> <replaceable>e</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic negation.</entry>
<entry>3</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Has Attribute</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e</replaceable> <literal>?</literal>
<replaceable>attrpath</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Test whether set <replaceable>e</replaceable> contains
the attribute denoted by <replaceable>attrpath</replaceable>;
return <literal>true</literal> or
<literal>false</literal>.</entry>
<entry>4</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>List Concatenation</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>++</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>right</entry>
<entry>List concatenation.</entry>
<entry>5</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Multiplication</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>*</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>,
</entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic multiplication.</entry>
<entry>6</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Division</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>/</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic division.</entry>
<entry>6</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Addition</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>+</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic addition.</entry>
<entry>7</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Subtraction</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>-</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic subtraction.</entry>
<entry>7</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>String Concatenation</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>string1</replaceable> <literal>+</literal> <replaceable>string2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>String concatenation.</entry>
<entry>7</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Not</entry>
<entry><literal>!</literal> <replaceable>e</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Boolean negation.</entry>
<entry>8</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Update</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>//</literal>
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>right</entry>
<entry>Return a set consisting of the attributes in
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> and
<replaceable>e2</replaceable> (with the latter taking
precedence over the former in case of equally named
attributes).</entry>
<entry>9</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Less Than</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>&lt;</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>,
</entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic comparison.</entry>
<entry>10</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Less Than or Equal To</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>&lt;=</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic comparison.</entry>
<entry>10</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Greater Than</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>&gt;</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic comparison.</entry>
<entry>10</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Greater Than or Equal To</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>&gt;=</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Arithmetic comparison.</entry>
<entry>10</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Equality</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>==</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Equality.</entry>
<entry>11</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Inequality</entry>
<entry>
<replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>!=</literal> <replaceable>e2</replaceable>
</entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Inequality.</entry>
<entry>11</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Logical AND</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal>
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Logical AND.</entry>
<entry>12</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Logical OR</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>||</literal>
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>left</entry>
<entry>Logical OR.</entry>
<entry>13</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>Logical Implication</entry>
<entry><replaceable>e1</replaceable> <literal>-></literal>
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></entry>
<entry>none</entry>
<entry>Logical implication (equivalent to
<literal>!<replaceable>e1</replaceable> ||
<replaceable>e2</replaceable></literal>).</entry>
<entry>14</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='ssec-values'>
<title>Values</title>
<simplesect><title>Simple Values</title>
<para>Nix has the following basic data types:
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para><emphasis>Strings</emphasis> can be written in three
ways.</para>
<para>The most common way is to enclose the string between double
quotes, e.g., <literal>"foo bar"</literal>. Strings can span
multiple lines. The special characters <literal>"</literal> and
<literal>\</literal> and the character sequence
<literal>${</literal> must be escaped by prefixing them with a
backslash (<literal>\</literal>). Newlines, carriage returns and
tabs can be written as <literal>\n</literal>,
<literal>\r</literal> and <literal>\t</literal>,
respectively.</para>
<para>You can include the result of an expression into a string by
enclosing it in
<literal>${<replaceable>...</replaceable>}</literal>, a feature
known as <emphasis>antiquotation</emphasis>. The enclosed
expression must evaluate to something that can be coerced into a
string (meaning that it must be a string, a path, or a
derivation). For instance, rather than writing
<programlisting>
"--with-freetype2-library=" + freetype + "/lib"</programlisting>
(where <varname>freetype</varname> is a derivation), you can
instead write the more natural
<programlisting>
"--with-freetype2-library=${freetype}/lib"</programlisting>
The latter is automatically translated to the former. A more
complicated example (from the Nix expression for <link
xlink:href='http://www.trolltech.com/products/qt'>Qt</link>):
<programlisting>
configureFlags = "
-system-zlib -system-libpng -system-libjpeg
${if openglSupport then "-dlopen-opengl
-L${mesa}/lib -I${mesa}/include
-L${libXmu}/lib -I${libXmu}/include" else ""}
${if threadSupport then "-thread" else "-no-thread"}
";</programlisting>
Note that Nix expressions and strings can be arbitrarily nested;
in this case the outer string contains various antiquotations that
themselves contain strings (e.g., <literal>"-thread"</literal>),
some of which in turn contain expressions (e.g.,
<literal>${mesa}</literal>).</para>
<para>The second way to write string literals is as an
<emphasis>indented string</emphasis>, which is enclosed between
pairs of <emphasis>double single-quotes</emphasis>, like so:
<programlisting>
''
This is the first line.
This is the second line.
This is the third line.
''</programlisting>
This kind of string literal intelligently strips indentation from
the start of each line. To be precise, it strips from each line a
number of spaces equal to the minimal indentation of the string as
a whole (disregarding the indentation of empty lines). For
instance, the first and second line are indented two space, while
the third line is indented four spaces. Thus, two spaces are
stripped from each line, so the resulting string is
<programlisting>
"This is the first line.\nThis is the second line.\n This is the third line.\n"</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Note that the whitespace and newline following the opening
<literal>''</literal> is ignored if there is no non-whitespace
text on the initial line.</para>
<para>Antiquotation
(<literal>${<replaceable>expr</replaceable>}</literal>) is
supported in indented strings.</para>
<para>Since <literal>${</literal> and <literal>''</literal> have
special meaning in indented strings, you need a way to quote them.
<literal>$</literal> can be escaped by prefixing it with
<literal>''</literal> (that is, two single quotes), i.e.,
<literal>''$</literal>. <literal>''</literal> can be escaped by
prefixing it with <literal>'</literal>, i.e.,
<literal>'''</literal>. <literal>$</literal> removes any special meaning
from the following <literal>$</literal>. Linefeed, carriage-return and tab
characters can be written as <literal>''\n</literal>,
<literal>''\r</literal>, <literal>''\t</literal>, and <literal>''\</literal>
escapes any other character.
</para>
<para>Indented strings are primarily useful in that they allow
multi-line string literals to follow the indentation of the
enclosing Nix expression, and that less escaping is typically
necessary for strings representing languages such as shell scripts
and configuration files because <literal>''</literal> is much less
common than <literal>"</literal>. Example:
<programlisting>
stdenv.mkDerivation {
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
postInstall =
''
mkdir $out/bin $out/etc
cp foo $out/bin
echo "Hello World" > $out/etc/foo.conf
${if enableBar then "cp bar $out/bin" else ""}
'';
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
}
</programlisting>
</para>
<para>Finally, as a convenience, <emphasis>URIs</emphasis> as
defined in appendix B of <link
xlink:href='http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt'>RFC 2396</link>
can be written <emphasis>as is</emphasis>, without quotes. For
instance, the string
<literal>"http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2"</literal>
can also be written as
<literal>http://example.org/foo.tar.bz2</literal>.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para>Numbers, which can be <emphasis>integers</emphasis> (like
<literal>123</literal>) or <emphasis>floating point</emphasis> (like
<literal>123.43</literal> or <literal>.27e13</literal>).</para>
<para>Numbers are type-compatible: pure integer operations will always
return integers, whereas any operation involving at least one floating point
number will have a floating point number as a result.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Paths</emphasis>, e.g.,
<filename>/bin/sh</filename> or <filename>./builder.sh</filename>.
A path must contain at least one slash to be recognised as such; for
instance, <filename>builder.sh</filename> is not a
path<footnote><para>It's parsed as an expression that selects the
attribute <varname>sh</varname> from the variable
<varname>builder</varname>.</para></footnote>. If the file name is
relative, i.e., if it does not begin with a slash, it is made
absolute at parse time relative to the directory of the Nix
expression that contained it. For instance, if a Nix expression in
<filename>/foo/bar/bla.nix</filename> refers to
<filename>../xyzzy/fnord.nix</filename>, the absolute path is
<filename>/foo/xyzzy/fnord.nix</filename>.</para>
<para>If the first component of a path is a <literal>~</literal>,
it is interpreted as if the rest of the path were relative to the
user's home directory. e.g. <filename>~/foo</filename> would be
equivalent to <filename>/home/edolstra/foo</filename> for a user
whose home directory is <filename>/home/edolstra</filename>.
</para>
<para>Paths can also be specified between angle brackets, e.g.
<literal>&lt;nixpkgs&gt;</literal>. This means that the directories
listed in the environment variable
<envar linkend="env-NIX_PATH">NIX_PATH</envar> will be searched
for the given file or directory name.
</para>
</listitem>
<listitem><para><emphasis>Booleans</emphasis> with values
<literal>true</literal> and
<literal>false</literal>.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>The null value, denoted as
<literal>null</literal>.</para></listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Lists</title>
<para>Lists are formed by enclosing a whitespace-separated list of
values between square brackets. For example,
<programlisting>
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" (f { x = y; }) ]</programlisting>
defines a list of four elements, the last being the result of a call
to the function <varname>f</varname>. Note that function calls have
to be enclosed in parentheses. If they had been omitted, e.g.,
<programlisting>
[ 123 ./foo.nix "abc" f { x = y; } ]</programlisting>
the result would be a list of five elements, the fourth one being a
function and the fifth being a set.</para>
<para>Note that lists are only lazy in values, and they are strict in length.
</para>
</simplesect>
<simplesect><title>Sets</title>
<para>Sets are really the core of the language, since ultimately the
Nix language is all about creating derivations, which are really just
sets of attributes to be passed to build scripts.</para>
<para>Sets are just a list of name/value pairs (called
<emphasis>attributes</emphasis>) enclosed in curly brackets, where
each value is an arbitrary expression terminated by a semicolon. For
example:
<programlisting>
{ x = 123;
text = "Hello";
y = f { bla = 456; };
}</programlisting>
This defines a set with attributes named <varname>x</varname>,
<varname>text</varname>, <varname>y</varname>. The order of the
attributes is irrelevant. An attribute name may only occur
once.</para>
<para>Attributes can be selected from a set using the
<literal>.</literal> operator. For instance,
<programlisting>
{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.a</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>"Foo"</literal>. It is possible to provide a
default value in an attribute selection using the
<literal>or</literal> keyword. For example,
<programlisting>
{ a = "Foo"; b = "Bar"; }.c or "Xyzzy"</programlisting>
will evaluate to <literal>"Xyzzy"</literal> because there is no
<varname>c</varname> attribute in the set.</para>
<para>You can use arbitrary double-quoted strings as attribute
names:
<programlisting>
{ "foo ${bar}" = 123; "nix-1.0" = 456; }."foo ${bar}"
</programlisting>
This will evaluate to <literal>123</literal> (Assuming
<literal>bar</literal> is antiquotable). In the case where an
attribute name is just a single antiquotation, the quotes can be
dropped:
<programlisting>
{ foo = 123; }.${bar} or 456 </programlisting>
This will evaluate to <literal>123</literal> if
<literal>bar</literal> evaluates to <literal>"foo"</literal> when
coerced to a string and <literal>456</literal> otherwise (again
assuming <literal>bar</literal> is antiquotable).</para>
<para>In the special case where an attribute name inside of a set declaration
evaluates to <literal>null</literal> (which is normally an error, as
<literal>null</literal> is not antiquotable), that attribute is simply not
added to the set:
<programlisting>
{ ${if foo then "bar" else null} = true; }</programlisting>
This will evaluate to <literal>{}</literal> if <literal>foo</literal>
evaluates to <literal>false</literal>.</para>
<para>A set that has a <literal>__functor</literal> attribute whose value
is callable (i.e. is itself a function or a set with a
<literal>__functor</literal> attribute whose value is callable) can be
applied as if it were a function, with the set itself passed in first
, e.g.,
<programlisting>
let add = { __functor = self: x: x + self.x; };
inc = add // { x = 1; };
in inc 1
</programlisting>
evaluates to <literal>2</literal>. This can be used to attach metadata to a
function without the caller needing to treat it specially, or to implement
a form of object-oriented programming, for example.
</para>
</simplesect>
</section>

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<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='sec-building-simple'>
<title>Building and Testing</title>
<para>You can now try to build Hello. Of course, you could do
<literal>nix-env -i hello</literal>, but you may not want to install a
possibly broken package just yet. The best way to test the package is by
using the command <command linkend="sec-nix-build">nix-build</command>,
which builds a Nix expression and creates a symlink named
<filename>result</filename> in the current directory:
<screen>
$ nix-build -A hello
building path `/nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1'
hello-2.1.1/
hello-2.1.1/intl/
hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog
<replaceable>...</replaceable>
$ ls -l result
lrwxrwxrwx ... 2006-09-29 10:43 result -> /nix/store/632d2b22514d...-hello-2.1.1
$ ./result/bin/hello
Hello, world!</screen>
The <link linkend='opt-attr'><option>-A</option></link> option selects
the <literal>hello</literal> attribute. This is faster than using the
symbolic package name specified by the <literal>name</literal>
attribute (which also happens to be <literal>hello</literal>) and is
unambiguous (there can be multiple packages with the symbolic name
<literal>hello</literal>, but there can be only one attribute in a set
named <literal>hello</literal>).</para>
<para><command>nix-build</command> registers the
<filename>./result</filename> symlink as a garbage collection root, so
unless and until you delete the <filename>./result</filename> symlink,
the output of the build will be safely kept on your system. You can
use <command>nix-build</command>’s <option
linkend='opt-out-link'>-o</option> switch to give the symlink another
name.</para>
<para>Nix has a transactional semantics. Once a build finishes
successfully, Nix makes a note of this in its database: it registers
that the path denoted by <envar>out</envar> is now
<quote>valid</quote>. If you try to build the derivation again, Nix
will see that the path is already valid and finish immediately. If a
build fails, either because it returns a non-zero exit code, because
Nix or the builder are killed, or because the machine crashes, then
the output paths will not be registered as valid. If you try to build
the derivation again, Nix will remove the output paths if they exist
(e.g., because the builder died half-way through <literal>make
install</literal>) and try again. Note that there is no
<quote>negative caching</quote>: Nix doesn't remember that a build
failed, and so a failed build can always be repeated. This is because
Nix cannot distinguish between permanent failures (e.g., a compiler
error due to a syntax error in the source) and transient failures
(e.g., a disk full condition).</para>
<para>Nix also performs locking. If you run multiple Nix builds
simultaneously, and they try to build the same derivation, the first
Nix instance that gets there will perform the build, while the others
block (or perform other derivations if available) until the build
finishes:
<screen>
$ nix-build -A hello
waiting for lock on `/nix/store/0h5b7hp8d4hqfrw8igvx97x1xawrjnac-hello-2.1.1x'</screen>
So it is always safe to run multiple instances of Nix in parallel
(which isn’t the case with, say, <command>make</command>).</para>
<para>If you have a system with multiple CPUs, you may want to have
Nix build different derivations in parallel (insofar as possible).
Just pass the option <link linkend='opt-max-jobs'><option>-j
<replaceable>N</replaceable></option></link>, where
<replaceable>N</replaceable> is the maximum number of jobs to be run
in parallel, or set. Typically this should be the number of
CPUs.</para>
</section>

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<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id="ch-simple-expression">
<title>A Simple Nix Expression</title>
<para>This section shows how to add and test the <link
xlink:href='http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/hello.html'>GNU Hello
package</link> to the Nix Packages collection. Hello is a program
that prints out the text <quote>Hello, world!</quote>.</para>
<para>To add a package to the Nix Packages collection, you generally
need to do three things:
<orderedlist>
<listitem><para>Write a Nix expression for the package. This is a
file that describes all the inputs involved in building the package,
such as dependencies, sources, and so on.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Write a <emphasis>builder</emphasis>. This is a
shell script<footnote><para>In fact, it can be written in any
language, but typically it's a <command>bash</command> shell
script.</para></footnote> that actually builds the package from
the inputs.</para></listitem>
<listitem><para>Add the package to the file
<filename>pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix</filename>. The Nix
expression written in the first step is a
<emphasis>function</emphasis>; it requires other packages in order
to build it. In this step you put it all together, i.e., you call
the function with the right arguments to build the actual
package.</para></listitem>
</orderedlist>
</para>
<xi:include href="expression-syntax.xml" />
<xi:include href="build-script.xml" />
<xi:include href="arguments-variables.xml" />
<xi:include href="simple-building-testing.xml" />
<xi:include href="generic-builder.xml" />
</chapter>

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<part xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
version="5.0"
xml:id='chap-writing-nix-expressions'>
<title>Writing Nix Expressions</title>
<partintro>
<para>This chapter shows you how to write Nix expressions, which
instruct Nix how to build packages. It starts with a
simple example (a Nix expression for GNU Hello), and then moves
on to a more in-depth look at the Nix expression language.</para>
<note><para>This chapter is mostly about the Nix expression language.
For more extensive information on adding packages to the Nix Packages
collection (such as functions in the standard environment and coding
conventions), please consult <link
xlink:href="http://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/">its
manual</link>.</para></note>
</partintro>
<xi:include href="simple-expression.xml" />
<xi:include href="expression-language.xml" />
</part>

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<appendix xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xml:id="part-glossary">
<title>Glossary</title>
<glosslist>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-derivation"><glossterm>derivation</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A description of a build action. The result of a
derivation is a store object. Derivations are typically specified
in Nix expressions using the <link
linkend="ssec-derivation"><function>derivation</function>
primitive</link>. These are translated into low-level
<emphasis>store derivations</emphasis> (implicitly by
<command>nix-env</command> and <command>nix-build</command>, or
explicitly by <command>nix-instantiate</command>).</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry><glossterm>store</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>The location in the file system where store objects
live. Typically <filename>/nix/store</filename>.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry><glossterm>store path</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>The location in the file system of a store object,
i.e., an immediate child of the Nix store
directory.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry><glossterm>store object</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A file that is an immediate child of the Nix store
directory. These can be regular files, but also entire directory
trees. Store objects can be sources (objects copied from outside of
the store), derivation outputs (objects produced by running a build
action), or derivations (files describing a build
action).</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-substitute"><glossterm>substitute</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A substitute is a command invocation stored in the
Nix database that describes how to build a store object, bypassing
the normal build mechanism (i.e., derivations). Typically, the
substitute builds the store object by downloading a pre-built
version of the store object from some server.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry><glossterm>purity</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>The assumption that equal Nix derivations when run
always produce the same output. This cannot be guaranteed in
general (e.g., a builder can rely on external inputs such as the
network or the system time) but the Nix model assumes
it.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry><glossterm>Nix expression</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A high-level description of software packages and
compositions thereof. Deploying software using Nix entails writing
Nix expressions for your packages. Nix expressions are translated
to derivations that are stored in the Nix store. These derivations
can then be built.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-reference"><glossterm>reference</glossterm>
<glossdef>
<para>A store path <varname>P</varname> is said to have a
reference to a store path <varname>Q</varname> if the store object
at <varname>P</varname> contains the path <varname>Q</varname>
somewhere. The <emphasis>references</emphasis> of a store path are
the set of store paths to which it has a reference.
</para>
<para>A derivation can reference other derivations and sources
(but not output paths), whereas an output path only references other
output paths.
</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-reachable"><glossterm>reachable</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A store path <varname>Q</varname> is reachable from
another store path <varname>P</varname> if <varname>Q</varname> is in the
<link linkend="gloss-closure">closure</link> of the
<link linkend="gloss-reference">references</link> relation.
</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-closure"><glossterm>closure</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>The closure of a store path is the set of store
paths that are directly or indirectly “reachable” from that store
path; that is, it’s the closure of the path under the <link
linkend="gloss-reference">references</link> relation. For a package, the
closure of its derivation is equivalent to the build-time
dependencies, while the closure of its output path is equivalent to its
runtime dependencies. For correct deployment it is necessary to deploy whole
closures, since otherwise at runtime files could be missing. The command
<command>nix-store -qR</command> prints out closures of store paths.
</para>
<para>As an example, if the store object at path <varname>P</varname> contains
a reference to path <varname>Q</varname>, then <varname>Q</varname> is
in the closure of <varname>P</varname>. Further, if <varname>Q</varname>
references <varname>R</varname> then <varname>R</varname> is also in
the closure of <varname>P</varname>.
</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-output-path"><glossterm>output path</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A store path produced by a derivation.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-deriver"><glossterm>deriver</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>The deriver of an <link
linkend="gloss-output-path">output path</link> is the store
derivation that built it.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-validity"><glossterm>validity</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A store path is considered
<emphasis>valid</emphasis> if it exists in the file system, is
listed in the Nix database as being valid, and if all paths in its
closure are also valid.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-user-env"><glossterm>user environment</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>An automatically generated store object that
consists of a set of symlinks to “active” applications, i.e., other
store paths. These are generated automatically by <link
linkend="sec-nix-env"><command>nix-env</command></link>. See <xref
linkend="sec-profiles" />.</para>
</glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-profile"><glossterm>profile</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A symlink to the current <link
linkend="gloss-user-env">user environment</link> of a user, e.g.,
<filename>/nix/var/nix/profiles/default</filename>.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
<glossentry xml:id="gloss-nar"><glossterm>NAR</glossterm>
<glossdef><para>A <emphasis>N</emphasis>ix
<emphasis>AR</emphasis>chive. This is a serialisation of a path in
the Nix store. It can contain regular files, directories and
symbolic links. NARs are generated and unpacked using
<command>nix-store --dump</command> and <command>nix-store
--restore</command>.</para></glossdef>
</glossentry>
</glosslist>
</appendix>

41
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@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
<appendix xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xml:id="chap-hacking">
<title>Hacking</title>
<para>This section provides some notes on how to hack on Nix. To get
the latest version of Nix from GitHub:
<screen>
$ git clone git://github.com/NixOS/nix.git
$ cd nix
</screen>
</para>
<para>To build it and its dependencies:
<screen>
$ nix-build release.nix -A build.x86_64-linux
</screen>
</para>
<para>To build all dependencies and start a shell in which all
environment variables are set up so that those dependencies can be
found:
<screen>
$ nix-shell
</screen>
To build Nix itself in this shell:
<screen>
[nix-shell]$ ./bootstrap.sh
[nix-shell]$ configurePhase
[nix-shell]$ make
</screen>
To install it in <literal>$(pwd)/inst</literal> and test it:
<screen>
[nix-shell]$ make install
[nix-shell]$ make installcheck
</screen>
</para>
</appendix>

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