Systemd/man/systemd.unit.xml

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<refentry id="systemd.unit">

        <refentryinfo>
                <title>systemd.unit</title>
                <productname>systemd</productname>

                <authorgroup>
                        <author>
                                <contrib>Developer</contrib>
                                <firstname>Lennart</firstname>
                                <surname>Poettering</surname>
                                <email>lennart@poettering.net</email>
                        </author>
                </authorgroup>
        </refentryinfo>

        <refmeta>
                <refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle>
                <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
        </refmeta>

        <refnamediv>
                <refname>systemd.unit</refname>
                <refpurpose>Unit configuration</refpurpose>
        </refnamediv>

        <refsynopsisdiv>
                <para><filename><replaceable>service</replaceable>.service</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>socket</replaceable>.socket</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>device</replaceable>.device</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>mount</replaceable>.mount</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>automount</replaceable>.automount</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>swap</replaceable>.swap</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>target</replaceable>.target</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>path</replaceable>.path</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>timer</replaceable>.timer</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>snapshot</replaceable>.snapshot</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>slice</replaceable>.slice</filename>,
                <filename><replaceable>scope</replaceable>.scope</filename></para>

                <para><literallayout><filename>/etc/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/*</filename>
<filename>...</filename>
                </literallayout></para>

                <para><literallayout><filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$HOME/.config/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/etc/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/run/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>$HOME/.local/share/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user/*</filename>
<filename>...</filename>
                </literallayout></para>
        </refsynopsisdiv>

        <refsect1>
                <title>Description</title>

                <para>A unit configuration file encodes information
                about a service, a socket, a device, a mount point, an
                automount point, a swap file or partition, a start-up
                target, a watched file system path, a timer controlled
                and supervised by
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                a temporary system state snapshot, a resource
                management slice or a group of externally created
                processes. The syntax is inspired by <ulink
                url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/">XDG
                Desktop Entry Specification</ulink>
                <filename>.desktop</filename> files, which are in turn
                inspired by Microsoft Windows
                <filename>.ini</filename> files.</para>

                <para>This man page lists the common configuration
                options of all the unit types. These options need to
                be configured in the [Unit] or [Install]
                sections of the unit files.</para>

                <para>In addition to the generic [Unit] and [Install]
                sections described here, each unit may have a
                type-specific section, e.g. [Service] for a service
                unit. See the respective man pages for more
                information:
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.snapshot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
                </para>

                <para>Various settings are allowed to be specified
                more than once, in which case the interpretation
                depends on the setting. Often, multiple settings form
                a list, and setting to an empty value "resets", which
                means that previous assignments are ignored. When this
                is allowed, it is mentioned in the description of the
                setting. Note that using multiple assignments to the
                same value makes the unit file incompatible with
                parsers for the XDG <filename>.desktop</filename> file
                format.</para>

                <para>Unit files are loaded from a set of paths
                determined during compilation, described in the next section.
                </para>

                <para>Unit files may contain additional options on top
                of those listed here. If systemd encounters an unknown
                option, it will write a warning log message but
                continue loading the unit. If an option or section name
                is prefixed with <option>X-</option>, it is ignored
                completely by systemd. Options within an ignored
                section do not need the prefix. Applications may use
                this to include additional information in the unit
                files.</para>

                <para>Boolean arguments used in unit files can be
                written in various formats. For positive settings the
                strings <option>1</option>, <option>yes</option>,
                <option>true</option> and <option>on</option> are
                equivalent. For negative settings, the strings
                <option>0</option>, <option>no</option>,
                <option>false</option> and <option>off</option> are
                equivalent.</para>

                <para>Time span values encoded in unit files can be
                written in various formats. A stand-alone number
                specifies a time in seconds. If suffixed with a time
                unit, the unit is honored. A concatenation of multiple
                values with units is supported, in which case the
                values are added up. Example: "50" refers to 50
                seconds; "2min 200ms" refers to 2 minutes plus 200
                milliseconds, i.e. 120200ms. The following time units
                are understood: s, min, h, d, w, ms, us. For details
                see
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.</para>

                <para>Empty lines and lines starting with # or ; are
                ignored. This may be used for commenting. Lines ending
                in a backslash are concatenated with the following
                line while reading and the backslash is replaced by a
                space character. This may be used to wrap long lines.</para>

                <para>Along with a unit file
                <filename>foo.service</filename>, the directory
                <filename>foo.service.wants/</filename> may exist. All
                unit files symlinked from such a directory are
                implicitly added as dependencies of type
                <varname>Wants=</varname> to the unit. This is useful
                to hook units into the start-up of other units,
                without having to modify their unit files. For details
                about the semantics of <varname>Wants=</varname>, see
                below. The preferred way to create symlinks in the
                <filename>.wants/</filename> directory of a unit file
                is with the <command>enable</command> command of the
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                tool which reads information from the [Install]
                section of unit files (see below). A similar
                functionality exists for <varname>Requires=</varname>
                type dependencies as well, the directory suffix is
                <filename>.requires/</filename> in this case.</para>

                <para>Along with a unit file
                <filename>foo.service</filename>, a directory
                <filename>foo.service.d/</filename> may exist. All
                files with the suffix <literal>.conf</literal> from
                this directory will be parsed after the file itself is
                parsed. This is useful to alter or add configuration
                settings to a unit, without having to modify their
                unit files. Make sure that the file that is included
                has the appropriate section headers before any
                directive. Note that for instanced units this logic
                will first look for the instance
                <literal>.d/</literal> subdirectory and read its
                <literal>.conf</literal> files, followed by the
                template <literal>.d/</literal> subdirectory and reads
                its <literal>.conf</literal> files.</para>

                <!-- Note that we do not document .include here, as we
                     consider it mostly obsolete, and want people to
                     use .d/ drop-ins instead. -->

                <para>Note that while systemd offers a flexible
                dependency system between units it is recommended to
                use this functionality only sparingly and instead rely
                on techniques such as bus-based or socket-based
                activation which make dependencies implicit, resulting
                in a both simpler and more flexible system.</para>

                <para>Some unit names reflect paths existing in the
                file system namespace. Example: a device unit
                <filename>dev-sda.device</filename> refers to a device
                with the device node <filename noindex='true'>/dev/sda</filename> in
                the file system namespace. If this applies, a special
                way to escape the path name is used, so that the
                result is usable as part of a filename. Basically,
                given a path, "/" is replaced by "-" and all other
                characters which are not ASCII alphanumerics are
                replaced by C-style "\x2d" escapes (except that "_"
                is never replaced and "." is only replaced when it
                would be the first character in the escaped path).
                The root directory "/" is encoded as single dash,
                while otherwise the initial and ending "/" are removed
                from all paths during transformation. This escaping
                is reversible. Properly escaped paths can be generated
                using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-escape</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                command.</para>

                <para>Optionally, units may be instantiated from a
                template file at runtime. This allows creation of
                multiple units from a single configuration file. If
                systemd looks for a unit configuration file, it will
                first search for the literal unit name in the
                file system. If that yields no success and the unit
                name contains an <literal>@</literal> character, systemd will look for a
                unit template that shares the same name but with the
                instance string (i.e. the part between the <literal>@</literal> character
                and the suffix) removed. Example: if a service
                <filename>getty@tty3.service</filename> is requested
                and no file by that name is found, systemd will look
                for <filename>getty@.service</filename> and
                instantiate a service from that configuration file if
                it is found.</para>

                <para>To refer to the instance string from
                within the configuration file you may use the special
                <literal>%i</literal> specifier in many of the
                configuration options. See below for details.</para>

                <para>If a unit file is empty (i.e. has the file size
                0) or is symlinked to <filename>/dev/null</filename>,
                its configuration will not be loaded and it appears
                with a load state of <literal>masked</literal>, and
                cannot be activated. Use this as an effective way to
                fully disable a unit, making it impossible to start it
                even manually.</para>

                <para>The unit file format is covered by the
                <ulink
                url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/InterfaceStabilityPromise">Interface
                Stability Promise</ulink>.</para>

        </refsect1>

        <refsect1>
                <title>Unit Load Path</title>

                <para>Unit files are loaded from a set of paths
                determined during compilation, described in the two
                tables below. Unit files found in directories listed
                earlier override files with the same name in
                directories lower in the list.</para>

                <para>When systemd is running in user mode
                (<option>--user</option>) and the variable
                <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is set, the
                contents of this variable overrides the unit load
                path. If <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> ends
                with an empty component (<literal>:</literal>), the
                usual unit load path will be appended to the contents
                of the variable.</para>

                <table>
                  <title>
                    Load path when running in system mode (<option>--system</option>).
                  </title>

                  <tgroup cols='2'>
                    <colspec colname='path' />
                    <colspec colname='expl' />
                    <thead>
                      <row>
                        <entry>Path</entry>
                        <entry>Description</entry>
                      </row>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Local configuration</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>/run/systemd/system</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Runtime units</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Units of installed packages</entry>
                      </row>
                    </tbody>
                  </tgroup>
                </table>

                <table>
                  <title>
                    Load path when running in user mode (<option>--user</option>).
                  </title>

                  <tgroup cols='2'>
                    <colspec colname='path' />
                    <colspec colname='expl' />
                    <thead>
                      <row>
                        <entry>Path</entry>
                        <entry>Description</entry>
                      </row>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>User configuration (only used when $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is set)</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>$HOME/.config/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>User configuration (only used when $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is not set)</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>/etc/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Local configuration</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Runtime units (only used when $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is set)</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>/run/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Runtime units</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>$XDG_DATA_HOME/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Units of packages that have been installed in the home directory (only used when $XDG_DATA_HOME is set)</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>$HOME/.local/share/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Units of packages that have been installed in the home directory (only used when $XDG_DATA_HOME is not set)</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><filename>/usr/lib/systemd/user</filename></entry>
                        <entry>Units of packages that have been installed system-wide</entry>
                      </row>
                    </tbody>
                  </tgroup>
                </table>

                <para>Additional units might be loaded into systemd
                ("linked") from directories not on the unit load
                path. See the <command>link</command> command for
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Also,
                some units are dynamically created via generators
                <ulink
                url="http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Generators/">Generators</ulink>.
                </para>
        </refsect1>

        <refsect1>
                <title>[Unit] Section Options</title>

                <para>Unit file may include a [Unit] section, which
                carries generic information about the unit that is not
                dependent on the type of unit:</para>

                <variablelist class='unit-directives'>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Description=</varname></term>
                                <listitem><para>A free-form string
                                describing the unit. This is intended
                                for use in UIs to show descriptive
                                information along with the unit
                                name. The description should contain a name
                                that means something to the end user.
                                <literal>Apache2 Web Server</literal> is a good
                                example. Bad examples are
                                <literal>high-performance light-weight HTTP
                                server</literal> (too generic) or
                                <literal>Apache2</literal> (too specific and
                                meaningless for people who do not know
                                Apache).</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Documentation=</varname></term>
                                <listitem><para>A space-separated list
                                of URIs referencing documentation for
                                this unit or its
                                configuration. Accepted are only URIs
                                of the types
                                <literal>http://</literal>,
                                <literal>https://</literal>,
                                <literal>file:</literal>,
                                <literal>info:</literal>,
                                <literal>man:</literal>. For more
                                information about the syntax of these
                                URIs, see
                                <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>uri</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The
                                URIs should be listed in order of
                                relevance, starting with the most
                                relevant. It is a good idea to first
                                reference documentation that explains
                                what the unit's purpose is, followed
                                by how it is configured, followed by
                                any other related documentation. This
                                option may be specified more than once,
                                in which case the specified list of
                                URIs is merged. If the empty string is
                                assigned to this option, the list is
                                reset and all prior assignments will
                                have no effect.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Requires=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Configures requirement
                                dependencies on other units. If this
                                unit gets activated, the units listed
                                here will be activated as well. If one
                                of the other units gets deactivated or
                                its activation fails, this unit will
                                be deactivated. This option may be
                                specified more than once or multiple
                                space-separated units may be specified
                                in one option in which case
                                requirement dependencies for all
                                listed names will be created. Note
                                that requirement dependencies do not
                                influence the order in which services
                                are started or stopped. This has to be
                                configured independently with the
                                <varname>After=</varname> or
                                <varname>Before=</varname> options. If
                                a unit
                                <filename>foo.service</filename>
                                requires a unit
                                <filename>bar.service</filename> as
                                configured with
                                <varname>Requires=</varname> and no
                                ordering is configured with
                                <varname>After=</varname> or
                                <varname>Before=</varname>, then both
                                units will be started simultaneously
                                and without any delay between them if
                                <filename>foo.service</filename> is
                                activated. Often it is a better choice
                                to use <varname>Wants=</varname>
                                instead of
                                <varname>Requires=</varname> in order
                                to achieve a system that is more
                                robust when dealing with failing
                                services.</para>

                                <para>Note that dependencies of this
                                type may also be configured outside of
                                the unit configuration file by
                                adding a symlink to a
                                <filename>.requires/</filename> directory
                                accompanying the unit file. For
                                details see above.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Similar to
                                <varname>Requires=</varname>.
                                Dependencies listed in
                                <varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname>
                                which cannot be fulfilled or fail to
                                start are ignored if the startup was
                                explicitly requested by the user. If
                                the start-up was pulled in indirectly
                                by some dependency or automatic
                                start-up of units that is not
                                requested by the user, this dependency
                                must be fulfilled and otherwise the
                                transaction fails. Hence, this option
                                may be used to configure dependencies
                                that are normally honored unless the
                                user explicitly starts up the unit, in
                                which case whether they failed or not
                                is irrelevant.</para></listitem>

                        </varlistentry>
                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Requisite=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>RequisiteOverridable=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Similar to
                                <varname>Requires=</varname> and
                                <varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname>,
                                respectively. However, if the units
                                listed here are not started already,
                                they will not be started and the
                                transaction will fail immediately.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Wants=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>A weaker version of
                                <varname>Requires=</varname>. Units
                                listed in this option will be started
                                if the configuring unit is. However,
                                if the listed units fail to start
                                or cannot be added to the transaction,
                                this has no impact on the validity of
                                the transaction as a whole. This is
                                the recommended way to hook start-up
                                of one unit to the start-up of another
                                unit.</para>

                                <para>Note that dependencies of this
                                type may also be configured outside of
                                the unit configuration file by adding
                                symlinks to a
                                <filename>.wants/</filename> directory
                                accompanying the unit file. For
                                details, see above.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>BindsTo=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Configures requirement
                                dependencies, very similar in style to
                                <varname>Requires=</varname>, however
                                in addition to this behavior, it also
                                declares that this unit is stopped
                                when any of the units listed suddenly
                                disappears. Units can suddenly,
                                unexpectedly disappear if a service
                                terminates on its own choice, a device
                                is unplugged or a mount point
                                unmounted without involvement of
                                systemd.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>PartOf=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Configures dependencies
                                similar to <varname>Requires=</varname>,
                                but limited to stopping and restarting
                                of units. When systemd stops or restarts
                                the units listed here, the action is
                                propagated to this unit.
                                Note that this is a one-way dependency —
                                changes to this unit do not affect the
                                listed units.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Conflicts=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>A space-separated list
                                of unit names. Configures negative
                                requirement dependencies. If a unit
                                has a <varname>Conflicts=</varname>
                                setting on another unit, starting the
                                former will stop the latter and vice
                                versa. Note that this setting is
                                independent of and orthogonal to the
                                <varname>After=</varname> and
                                <varname>Before=</varname> ordering
                                dependencies.</para>

                                <para>If a unit A that conflicts with
                                a unit B is scheduled to be started at
                                the same time as B, the transaction
                                will either fail (in case both are
                                required part of the transaction) or
                                be modified to be fixed (in case one
                                or both jobs are not a required part
                                of the transaction). In the latter
                                case, the job that is not the required
                                will be removed, or in case both are
                                not required, the unit that conflicts
                                will be started and the unit that is
                                conflicted is
                                stopped.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Before=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>After=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>A space-separated list
                                of unit names. Configures ordering
                                dependencies between units. If a unit
                                <filename>foo.service</filename>
                                contains a setting
                                <option>Before=bar.service</option>
                                and both units are being started,
                                <filename>bar.service</filename>'s
                                start-up is delayed until
                                <filename>foo.service</filename> is
                                started up. Note that this setting is
                                independent of and orthogonal to the
                                requirement dependencies as configured
                                by <varname>Requires=</varname>. It is
                                a common pattern to include a unit
                                name in both the
                                <varname>After=</varname> and
                                <varname>Requires=</varname> option, in
                                which case the unit listed will be
                                started before the unit that is
                                configured with these options. This
                                option may be specified more than
                                once, in which case ordering
                                dependencies for all listed names are
                                created. <varname>After=</varname> is
                                the inverse of
                                <varname>Before=</varname>, i.e. while
                                <varname>After=</varname> ensures that
                                the configured unit is started after
                                the listed unit finished starting up,
                                <varname>Before=</varname> ensures the
                                opposite, i.e.  that the configured
                                unit is fully started up before the
                                listed unit is started. Note that when
                                two units with an ordering dependency
                                between them are shut down, the
                                inverse of the start-up order is
                                applied. i.e. if a unit is configured
                                with <varname>After=</varname> on
                                another unit, the former is stopped
                                before the latter if both are shut
                                down. If one unit with an ordering
                                dependency on another unit is shut
                                down while the latter is started up,
                                the shut down is ordered before the
                                start-up regardless of whether the
                                ordering dependency is actually of
                                type <varname>After=</varname> or
                                <varname>Before=</varname>. If two
                                units have no ordering dependencies
                                between them, they are shut down or
                                started up simultaneously, and no
                                ordering takes
                                place. </para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>OnFailure=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>A space-separated list
                                of one or more units that are
                                activated when this unit enters the
                                <literal>failed</literal>
                                state.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>PropagatesReloadTo=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ReloadPropagatedFrom=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>A space-separated list
                                of one or more units where reload
                                requests on this unit will be
                                propagated to, or reload requests on
                                the other unit will be propagated to
                                this unit, respectively. Issuing a
                                reload request on a unit will
                                automatically also enqueue a reload
                                request on all units that the reload
                                request shall be propagated to via
                                these two settings.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>JoinsNamespaceOf=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>For units that start
                                processes (such as service units),
                                lists one or more other units whose
                                network and/or temporary file
                                namespace to join. This only applies
                                to unit types which support the
                                <varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname> and
                                <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname>
                                directives (see
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                                for details). If a unit that has this
                                setting set is started, its processes
                                will see the same
                                <filename>/tmp</filename>,
                                <filename>/tmp/var</filename> and
                                network namespace as one listed unit
                                that is started. If multiple listed
                                units are already started, it is not
                                defined which namespace is
                                joined. Note that this setting only
                                has an effect if
                                <varname>PrivateNetwork=</varname>
                                and/or <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname>
                                is enabled for both the unit that
                                joins the namespace and the unit whose
                                namespace is joined.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>RequiresMountsFor=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a
                                space-separated list of absolute
                                paths. Automatically adds dependencies
                                of type <varname>Requires=</varname>
                                and <varname>After=</varname> for all
                                mount units required to access the
                                specified path.</para>

                                <para>Mount points marked with
                                <option>noauto</option> are not
                                mounted automatically and will be
                                ignored for the purposes of this
                                option. If such a mount should be a
                                requirement for this unit,
                                direct dependencies on the mount
                                units may be added
                                (<varname>Requires=</varname> and
                                <varname>After=</varname> or
                                some other combination).
                                </para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>OnFailureJobMode=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a value of
                                <literal>fail</literal>,
                                <literal>replace</literal>,
                                <literal>replace-irreversibly</literal>,
                                <literal>isolate</literal>,
                                <literal>flush</literal>,
                                <literal>ignore-dependencies</literal>
                                or
                                <literal>ignore-requirements</literal>. Defaults
                                to
                                <literal>replace</literal>. Specifies
                                how the units listed in
                                <varname>OnFailure=</varname> will be
                                enqueued. See
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>'s
                                <option>--job-mode=</option> option
                                for details on the possible values. If
                                this is set to
                                <literal>isolate</literal>, only a
                                single unit may be listed in
                                <varname>OnFailure=</varname>..</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>IgnoreOnIsolate=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
                                argument. If <option>true</option>,
                                this unit will not be stopped when
                                isolating another unit. Defaults to
                                <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>IgnoreOnSnapshot=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
                                argument. If <option>true</option>,
                                this unit will not be included in
                                snapshots. Defaults to
                                <option>true</option> for device and
                                snapshot units, <option>false</option>
                                for the others.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>StopWhenUnneeded=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
                                argument. If <option>true</option>,
                                this unit will be stopped when it is
                                no longer used. Note that in order to
                                minimize the work to be executed,
                                systemd will not stop units by default
                                unless they are conflicting with other
                                units, or the user explicitly
                                requested their shut down. If this
                                option is set, a unit will be
                                automatically cleaned up if no other
                                active unit requires it. Defaults to
                                <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>RefuseManualStart=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>RefuseManualStop=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
                                argument. If <option>true</option>,
                                this unit can only be activated
                                or deactivated indirectly. In
                                this case, explicit start-up
                                or termination requested by the
                                user is denied, however if it is
                                started or stopped as a
                                dependency of another unit, start-up
                                or termination will succeed. This
                                is mostly a safety feature to ensure
                                that the user does not accidentally
                                activate units that are not intended
                                to be activated explicitly, and not
                                accidentally deactivate units that are
                                not intended to be deactivated.
                                These options default to
                                <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>AllowIsolate=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
                                argument. If <option>true</option>,
                                this unit may be used with the
                                <command>systemctl isolate</command>
                                command. Otherwise, this will be
                                refused. It probably is a good idea to
                                leave this disabled except for target
                                units that shall be used similar to
                                runlevels in SysV init systems, just
                                as a precaution to avoid unusable
                                system states. This option defaults to
                                <option>false</option>.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>DefaultDependencies=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Takes a boolean
                                argument. If <option>true</option>,
                                (the default), a few default
                                dependencies will implicitly be
                                created for the unit. The actual
                                dependencies created depend on the
                                unit type. For example, for service
                                units, these dependencies ensure that
                                the service is started only after
                                basic system initialization is
                                completed and is properly terminated on
                                system shutdown. See the respective
                                man pages for details. Generally, only
                                services involved with early boot or
                                late shutdown should set this option
                                to <option>false</option>. It is
                                highly recommended to leave this
                                option enabled for the majority of
                                common units. If set to
                                <option>false</option>, this option
                                does not disable all implicit
                                dependencies, just non-essential
                                ones.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>JobTimeoutSec=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>JobTimeoutRebootArgument=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>When a job for this
                                unit is queued a time-out may be
                                configured. If this time limit is
                                reached, the job will be cancelled,
                                the unit however will not change state
                                or even enter the
                                <literal>failed</literal> mode. This
                                value defaults to 0 (job timeouts
                                disabled), except for device
                                units. NB: this timeout is independent
                                from any unit-specific timeout (for
                                example, the timeout set with
                                <varname>StartTimeoutSec=</varname> in service
                                units) as the job timeout has no
                                effect on the unit itself, only on the
                                job that might be pending for it. Or
                                in other words: unit-specific timeouts
                                are useful to abort unit state
                                changes, and revert them. The job
                                timeout set with this option however
                                is useful to abort only the job
                                waiting for the unit state to
                                change.</para>

                                <para><varname>JobTimeoutAction=</varname>
                                optionally configures an additional
                                action to take when the time-out is
                                hit. It takes the same values as the
                                per-service
                                <varname>StartLimitAction=</varname>
                                setting, see
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                                for details. Defaults to
                                <option>none</option>. <varname>JobTimeoutRebootArgument=</varname>
                                configures an optional reboot string
                                to pass to the
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reboot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                                system call.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionHost=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionKernelCommandLine=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionSecurity=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionCapability=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionACPower=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionFirstBoot=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionPathExistsGlob=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionPathIsDirectory=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionFileNotEmpty=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>ConditionFileIsExecutable=</varname></term>

                                <!-- We don't document ConditionNull=
                                     here as it is not particularly
                                     useful and probably just
                                     confusing. -->

                                <listitem><para>Before starting a unit
                                verify that the specified condition is
                                true. If it is not true, the starting
                                of the unit will be skipped, however
                                all ordering dependencies of it are
                                still respected. A failing condition
                                will not result in the unit being
                                moved into a failure state. The
                                condition is checked at the time the
                                queued start job is to be
                                executed.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname>
                                may be used to check whether the
                                system is running on a specific
                                architecture. Takes one of
                                <varname>x86</varname>,
                                <varname>x86-64</varname>,
                                <varname>ppc</varname>,
                                <varname>ppc-le</varname>,
                                <varname>ppc64</varname>,
                                <varname>ppc64-le</varname>,
                                <varname>ia64</varname>,
                                <varname>parisc</varname>,
                                <varname>parisc64</varname>,
                                <varname>s390</varname>,
                                <varname>s390x</varname>,
                                <varname>sparc</varname>,
                                <varname>sparc64</varname>,
                                <varname>mips</varname>,
                                <varname>mips-le</varname>,
                                <varname>mips64</varname>,
                                <varname>mips64-le</varname>,
                                <varname>alpha</varname>,
                                <varname>arm</varname>,
                                <varname>arm-be</varname>,
                                <varname>arm64</varname>,
                                <varname>arm64-be</varname>,
                                <varname>sh</varname>,
                                <varname>sh64</varname>,
                                <varname>m86k</varname>,
                                <varname>tilegx</varname>,
                                <varname>cris</varname> to test
                                against a specific architecture. The
                                architecture is determined from the
                                information returned by
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                                and is thus subject to
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>personality</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Note
                                that a <varname>Personality=</varname>
                                setting in the same unit file has no
                                effect on this condition. A special
                                architecture name
                                <varname>native</varname> is mapped to
                                the architecture the system manager
                                itself is compiled for. The test may
                                be negated by prepending an
                                exclamation mark.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname>
                                may be used to check whether the
                                system is executed in a virtualized
                                environment and optionally test
                                whether it is a specific
                                implementation. Takes either boolean
                                value to check if being executed in
                                any virtualized environment, or one of
                                <varname>vm</varname> and
                                <varname>container</varname> to test
                                against a generic type of
                                virtualization solution, or one of
                                <varname>qemu</varname>,
                                <varname>kvm</varname>,
                                <varname>zvm</varname>,
                                <varname>vmware</varname>,
                                <varname>microsoft</varname>,
                                <varname>oracle</varname>,
                                <varname>xen</varname>,
                                <varname>bochs</varname>,
                                <varname>uml</varname>,
                                <varname>openvz</varname>,
                                <varname>lxc</varname>,
                                <varname>lxc-libvirt</varname>,
                                <varname>systemd-nspawn</varname>,
                                <varname>docker</varname> to test
                                against a specific implementation. See
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-detect-virt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                                for a full list of known
                                virtualization technologies and their
                                identifiers. If multiple
                                virtualization technologies are
                                nested, only the innermost is
                                considered. The test may be negated by
                                prepending an exclamation mark.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionHost=</varname>
                                may be used to match against the
                                hostname or machine ID of the
                                host. This either takes a hostname
                                string (optionally with shell style
                                globs) which is tested against the
                                locally set hostname as returned by
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gethostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                                or a machine ID formatted as string
                                (see
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
                                The test may be negated by prepending
                                an exclamation mark.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionKernelCommandLine=</varname>
                                may be used to check whether a
                                specific kernel command line option is
                                set (or if prefixed with the
                                exclamation mark unset). The argument
                                must either be a single word, or an
                                assignment (i.e. two words, separated
                                <literal>=</literal>). In the former
                                case the kernel command line is
                                searched for the word appearing as is,
                                or as left hand side of an
                                assignment. In the latter case, the
                                exact assignment is looked for with
                                right and left hand side
                                matching.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionSecurity=</varname>
                                may be used to check whether the given
                                security module is enabled on the
                                system. Currently the recognized
                                values values are
                                <varname>selinux</varname>,
                                <varname>apparmor</varname>,
                                <varname>ima</varname>,
                                <varname>smack</varname> and
                                <varname>audit</varname>. The test may
                                be negated by prepending an
                                exclamation mark.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionCapability=</varname>
                                may be used to check whether the given
                                capability exists in the capability
                                bounding set of the service manager
                                (i.e. this does not check whether
                                capability is actually available in
                                the permitted or effective sets, see
                                <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                                for details). Pass a capability name
                                such as <literal>CAP_MKNOD</literal>,
                                possibly prefixed with an exclamation
                                mark to negate the check.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionACPower=</varname>
                                may be used to check whether the
                                system has AC power, or is exclusively
                                battery powered at the time of
                                activation of the unit. This takes a
                                boolean argument. If set to
                                <varname>true</varname>, the condition
                                will hold only if at least one AC
                                connector of the system is connected
                                to a power source, or if no AC
                                connectors are known. Conversely, if
                                set to <varname>false</varname>, the
                                condition will hold only if there is
                                at least one AC connector known and
                                all AC connectors are disconnected
                                from a power source.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionNeedsUpdate=</varname>
                                takes one of <filename>/var</filename>
                                or <filename>/etc</filename> as
                                argument, possibly prefixed with a
                                <literal>!</literal> (for inverting
                                the condition). This condition may be
                                used to conditionalize units on
                                whether the specified directory
                                requires an update because
                                <filename>/usr</filename>'s
                                modification time is newer than the
                                stamp file
                                <filename>.updated</filename> in the
                                specified directory. This is useful to
                                implement offline updates of the
                                vendor operating system resources in
                                <filename>/usr</filename> that require
                                updating of <filename>/etc</filename>
                                or <filename>/var</filename> on the
                                next following boot. Units making use
                                of this condition should order
                                themselves before
                                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-update-done.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                                to make sure they run before the stamp
                                files's modification time gets reset
                                indicating a completed update.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionFirstBoot=</varname>
                                takes a boolean argument. This
                                condition may be used to
                                conditionalize units on whether the
                                system is booting up with an
                                unpopulated <filename>/etc</filename>
                                directory. This may be used to
                                populate <filename>/etc</filename> on
                                the first boot after factory reset, or
                                when a new system instances boots up
                                for the first time.</para>

                                <para>With
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                a file existence condition is
                                checked before a unit is started. If
                                the specified absolute path name does
                                not exist, the condition will
                                fail. If the absolute path name passed
                                to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                is prefixed with an exclamation mark
                                (<literal>!</literal>), the test is negated, and the unit
                                is only started if the path does not
                                exist.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionPathExistsGlob=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>,
                                but checks for the existence of at
                                least one file or directory matching
                                the specified globbing pattern.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionPathIsDirectory=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                but verifies whether a certain path
                                exists and is a
                                directory.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                but verifies whether a certain path
                                exists and is a symbolic
                                link.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionPathIsMountPoint=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                but verifies whether a certain path
                                exists and is a mount
                                point.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionPathIsReadWrite=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                but verifies whether the underlying
                                file system is readable and writable
                                (i.e. not mounted
                                read-only).</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                but verifies whether a certain path
                                exists and is a non-empty
                                directory.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionFileNotEmpty=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                but verifies whether a certain path
                                exists and refers to a regular file
                                with a non-zero size.</para>

                                <para><varname>ConditionFileIsExecutable=</varname>
                                is similar to
                                <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname>
                                but verifies whether a certain path
                                exists, is a regular file and marked
                                executable.</para>

                                <para>If multiple conditions are
                                specified, the unit will be executed if
                                all of them apply (i.e. a logical AND
                                is applied). Condition checks can be
                                prefixed with a pipe symbol (|) in
                                which case a condition becomes a
                                triggering condition. If at least one
                                triggering condition is defined for a
                                unit, then the unit will be executed if
                                at least one of the triggering
                                conditions apply and all of the
                                non-triggering conditions. If you
                                prefix an argument with the pipe
                                symbol and an exclamation mark, the
                                pipe symbol must be passed first, the
                                exclamation second. Except for
                                <varname>ConditionPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname>,
                                all path checks follow symlinks. If
                                any of these options is assigned the
                                empty string, the list of conditions is
                                reset completely, all previous
                                condition settings (of any kind) will
                                have no effect.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>AssertArchitecture=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertVirtualization=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertHost=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertKernelCommandLine=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertSecurity=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertCapability=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertACPower=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertNeedsUpdate=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertFirstBoot=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertPathExists=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertPathExistsGlob=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertPathIsDirectory=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertPathIsSymbolicLink=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertPathIsMountPoint=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertPathIsReadWrite=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertDirectoryNotEmpty=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertFileNotEmpty=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>AssertFileIsExecutable=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Similar to the
                                <varname>ConditionArchitecture=</varname>,
                                <varname>ConditionVirtualization=</varname>,
                                ... condition settings described above
                                these settings add assertion checks to
                                the start-up of the unit. However,
                                unlike the conditions settings any
                                assertion setting that is not met
                                results in failure of the start
                                job it was triggered by.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>SourcePath=</varname></term>
                                <listitem><para>A path to a
                                configuration file this unit has been
                                generated from. This is primarily
                                useful for implementation of generator
                                tools that convert configuration from
                                an external configuration file format
                                into native unit files. This
                                functionality should not be used in
                                normal units.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>
                </variablelist>

        </refsect1>

        <refsect1>
                <title>[Install] Section Options</title>

                <para>Unit file may include an
                <literal>[Install]</literal> section, which carries
                installation information for the unit. This section is
                not interpreted by
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                during runtime. It is used exclusively by the
                <command>enable</command> and
                <command>disable</command> commands of the
                <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                tool during installation of a unit:</para>

                <variablelist class='unit-directives'>
                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Alias=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>A space-separated list
                                of additional names this unit shall be
                                installed under. The names listed here
                                must have the same suffix (i.e. type)
                                as the unit file name. This option may
                                be specified more than once, in which
                                case all listed names are used. At
                                installation time, <command>systemctl
                                enable</command> will create symlinks
                                from these names to the unit
                                filename.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>WantedBy=</varname></term>
                                <term><varname>RequiredBy=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>This option may be
                                used more than once, or a
                                space-separated list of unit names may
                                be given. A symbolic link is created
                                in the <filename>.wants/</filename> or
                                <filename>.requires/</filename>
                                directory of each of the listed units
                                when this unit is installed by
                                <command>systemctl enable</command>.
                                This has the effect that a dependency
                                of type <varname>Wants=</varname> or
                                <varname>Requires=</varname> is added
                                from the listed unit to the current
                                unit. The primary result is that the
                                current unit will be started when the
                                listed unit is started. See the
                                description of
                                <varname>Wants=</varname> and
                                <varname>Requires=</varname> in the
                                [Unit] section for details.</para>

                                <para><command>WantedBy=foo.service</command>
                                in a service
                                <filename>bar.service</filename> is
                                mostly equivalent to
                                <command>Alias=foo.service.wants/bar.service</command>
                                in the same file. In case of template
                                units, <command>systemctl enable</command>
                                must be called with an instance name, and
                                this instance will be added to the
                                <filename>.wants/</filename> or
                                <filename>.requires/</filename> list
                                of the listed unit.
                                E.g. <command>WantedBy=getty.target</command>
                                in a service
                                <filename>getty@.service</filename>
                                will result in <command>systemctl
                                enable getty@tty2.service</command>
                                creating a
                                <filename>getty.target.wants/getty@tty2.service</filename>
                                link to <filename>getty@.service</filename>.
                                </para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>Also=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>Additional units to
                                install/deinstall when this unit is
                                installed/deinstalled. If the user
                                requests installation/deinstallation
                                of a unit with this option configured,
                                <command>systemctl enable</command>
                                and <command>systemctl
                                disable</command> will automatically
                                install/uninstall units listed in this option as
                                well.</para>

                                <para>This option may be used more
                                than once, or a space-separated list
                                of unit names may be
                                given.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>

                        <varlistentry>
                                <term><varname>DefaultInstance=</varname></term>

                                <listitem><para>In template unit files,
                                this specifies for which instance the
                                unit shall be enabled if the template
                                is enabled without any explicitly set
                                instance. This option has no effect in
                                non-template unit files. The specified
                                string must be usable as instance
                                identifier.</para></listitem>
                        </varlistentry>
                </variablelist>

                <para>The following specifiers are interpreted in the
                Install section: %n, %N, %p, %i, %U, %u, %m, %H, %b, %v.
                For their meaning see the next section.
                </para>
        </refsect1>

        <refsect1>
                <title>Specifiers</title>

                <para>Many settings resolve specifiers which may be
                used to write generic unit files referring to runtime
                or unit parameters that are replaced when the unit
                files are loaded. The following specifiers are
                understood:</para>

                <table>
                  <title>Specifiers available in unit files</title>
                  <tgroup cols='3' align='left' colsep='1' rowsep='1'>
                    <colspec colname="spec" />
                    <colspec colname="mean" />
                    <colspec colname="detail" />
                    <thead>
                      <row>
                        <entry>Specifier</entry>
                        <entry>Meaning</entry>
                        <entry>Details</entry>
                      </row>
                    </thead>
                    <tbody>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%n</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Full unit name</entry>
                        <entry></entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%N</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Unescaped full unit name</entry>
                        <entry>Same as <literal>%n</literal>, but with escaping undone</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%p</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Prefix name</entry>
                        <entry>For instantiated units, this refers to the string before the <literal>@</literal> character of the unit name. For non-instantiated units, this refers to the name of the unit with the type suffix removed.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%P</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Unescaped prefix name</entry>
                        <entry>Same as <literal>%p</literal>, but with escaping undone</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%i</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Instance name</entry>
                        <entry>For instantiated units: this is the string between the <literal>@</literal> character and the suffix of the unit name.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%I</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Unescaped instance name</entry>
                        <entry>Same as <literal>%i</literal>, but with escaping undone</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%f</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Unescaped filename</entry>
                        <entry>This is either the unescaped instance name (if applicable) with <filename>/</filename> prepended (if applicable), or the prefix name prepended with <filename>/</filename>.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%c</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Control group path of the unit</entry>
                        <entry>This path does not include the <filename>/sys/fs/cgroup/systemd/</filename> prefix.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%r</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Control group path of the slice the unit is placed in</entry>
                        <entry>This usually maps to the parent cgroup path of <literal>%c</literal>.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%R</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Root control group path below which slices and units are placed</entry>
                        <entry>For system instances, this resolves to <filename>/</filename>, except in containers, where this maps to the container's root control group path.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%t</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Runtime directory</entry>
                        <entry>This is either <filename>/run</filename> (for the system manager) or the path <literal>$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR</literal> resolves to (for user managers).</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%u</literal></entry>
                        <entry>User name</entry>
                        <entry>This is the name of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd instance.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%U</literal></entry>
                        <entry>User UID</entry>
                        <entry>This is the numeric UID of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd user instance. Note that this specifier is not available for units run by the systemd system instance (as opposed to those run by a systemd user instance), unless the user has been configured as a numeric UID in the first place or the configured user is the root user.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%h</literal></entry>
                        <entry>User home directory</entry>
                        <entry>This is the home directory of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd user instance. Similar to <literal>%U</literal>, this specifier is not available for units run by the systemd system instance, unless the configured user is the root user.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%s</literal></entry>
                        <entry>User shell</entry>
                        <entry>This is the shell of the configured user of the unit, or (if none is set) the user running the systemd user instance. Similar to <literal>%U</literal>, this specifier is not available for units run by the systemd system instance, unless the configured user is the root user.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%m</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Machine ID</entry>
                        <entry>The machine ID of the running system, formatted as string. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>machine-id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%b</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Boot ID</entry>
                        <entry>The boot ID of the running system, formatted as string. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>random</refentrytitle><manvolnum>4</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%H</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Host name</entry>
                        <entry>The hostname of the running system at the point in time the unit configuation is loaded.</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%v</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Kernel release</entry>
                        <entry>Identical to <command>uname -r</command> output</entry>
                      </row>
                      <row>
                        <entry><literal>%%</literal></entry>
                        <entry>Single percent sign</entry>
                        <entry>Use <literal>%%</literal> in place of <literal>%</literal> to specify a single percent sign.</entry>
                      </row>
                    </tbody>
                  </tgroup>
                </table>

		<para>Please note that specifiers
		<literal>%U</literal>, <literal>%h</literal>,
		<literal>%s</literal> are mostly useless when systemd
		is running in system mode.  PID 1 cannot query the
		user account database for information, so the
		specifiers only work as shortcuts for things which are
		already specified in a different way in the unit
		file. They are fully functional when systemd is
		running in <option>--user</option> mode.</para>
        </refsect1>

        <refsect1>
                <title>Examples</title>

                <example>
                        <title>Allowing units to be enabled</title>

                        <para>The following snippet (highlighted)
                        allows a unit (e.g.
                        <filename>foo.service</filename>) to be
                        enabled via
                        <command>systemctl enable</command>:</para>

                        <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Foo

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/foo-daemon

<emphasis>[Install]</emphasis>
<emphasis>WantedBy=multi-user.target</emphasis></programlisting>

                        <para>After running
                        <command>systemctl enable</command>, a symlink
                        <filename>/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/foo.service</filename>
                        linking to the actual unit will be created. It
                        tells systemd to pull in the unit when starting
                        <filename>multi-user.target</filename>. The
                        inverse <command>systemctl disable</command>
                        will remove that symlink again.</para>
                </example>

                <example>
                        <title>Overriding vendor settings</title>

                        <para>There are two methods of overriding
                        vendor settings in unit files: copying the unit
                        file from
                        <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system</filename>
                        to <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and
                        modifying the chosen settings. Alternatively,
                        one can create a directory named
                        <filename><replaceable>unit</replaceable>.d/</filename>
                        within
                        <filename>/etc/systemd/system</filename> and
                        place a drop-in file
                        <filename><replaceable>name</replaceable>.conf</filename>
                        there that only changes the specific settings
                        one is interested in. Note that multiple such
                        drop-in files are read if present.</para>

                        <para>The advantage of the first method is
                        that one easily overrides the complete unit,
                        the vendor unit is not parsed at all anymore.
                        It has the disadvantage that improvements to
                        the unit file by the vendor are not
                        automatically incorporated on updates.</para>

                        <para>The advantage of the second method is
                        that one only overrides the settings one
                        specifically wants, where updates to the unit
                        by the vendor automatically apply. This has the
                        disadvantage that some future updates by the
                        vendor might be incompatible with the local
                        changes.</para>

                        <para>Note that for drop-in files, if one wants
                        to remove entries from a setting that is parsed
                        as a list (and is not a dependency), such as
                        <varname>ConditionPathExists=</varname> (or
                        e.g. <varname>ExecStart=</varname> in service
                        units), one needs to first clear the list
                        before re-adding all entries except the one
                        that is to be removed. See below for an
                        example.</para>

                        <para>This also applies for user instances of
                        systemd, but with different locations for the
                        unit files. See the section on unit load paths
                        for further details.</para>

                        <para>Suppose there is a vendor-supplied unit
                        <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service</filename>
                        with the following contents:</para>

                        <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Some HTTP server
After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service
Requires=sqldb.service
AssertPathExists=/srv/webserver

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server
Nice=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>

                        <para>Now one wants to change some settings as
                        an administrator: firstly, in the local setup,
                        <filename>/srv/webserver</filename> might not
                        exit, because the HTTP server is configured to
                        use <filename>/srv/www</filename> instead.
                        Secondly, the local configuration makes the
                        HTTP server also depend on a memory cache
                        service,
                        <filename>memcached.service</filename>, that
                        should be pulled in
                        (<varname>Requires=</varname>) and also be
                        ordered appropriately
                        (<varname>After=</varname>). Thirdly, in order
                        to harden the service a bit more, the
                        administrator would like to set the
                        <varname>PrivateTmp=</varname>
                        setting (see
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                        for details). And lastly, the administrator
                        would like to reset the niceness of the service
                        to its default value of 0.</para>

                        <para>The first possibility is to copy the unit
                        file to
                        <filename>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service</filename>
                        and change the chosen settings:</para>

                        <programlisting>[Unit]
Description=Some HTTP server
After=remote-fs.target sqldb.service <emphasis>memcached.service</emphasis>
Requires=sqldb.service <emphasis>memcached.service</emphasis>
AssertPathExists=<emphasis>/srv/www</emphasis>

[Service]
Type=notify
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/some-fancy-httpd-server
<emphasis>Nice=0</emphasis>
<emphasis>PrivateTmp=yes</emphasis>

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target</programlisting>

                        <para>Alternatively, the administrator could
                        create a drop-in file
                        <filename>/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service.d/local.conf</filename>
                        with the following contents:</para>

                        <programlisting>[Unit]
After=memcached.service
Requires=memcached.service
# Reset all assertions and then re-add the condition we want
AssertPathExists=
AssertPathExists=/srv/www

[Service]
Nice=0
PrivateTmp=yes</programlisting>

                        <para>Note that dependencies
                        (<varname>After=</varname>, etc.) cannot be
                        reset to an empty list, so dependencies can
                        only be added in drop-ins. If you want to
                        remove dependencies, you have to override the
                        entire unit.</para>
                </example>
        </refsect1>

        <refsect1>
                <title>See Also</title>
                <para>
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.service</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.socket</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.device</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.automount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.swap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.target</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.path</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.snapshot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.scope</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.slice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.directives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
                        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
                </para>
        </refsect1>

</refentry>